Overview of Flexible AC

Transmission Systems
 What is FACTS?
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS):
 Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power
electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability.

FACTS Controller:
 A power electronic-based system and other static equipment
that provide control of one or more AC transmission system
parameters.

General symbol of FACTS controller

Basic types of FACTS Controllers
Based on the connection, generally FACTS controller can be classified
as follows:

 Series controllers

 Shunt controllers

 Combined series-series controllers

 Combined series-shunt controllers

Basic types of FACTS Controllers
Series controllers
 The series controller could be a variable impedance or a variable source,
both are power electronics based devices to serve the desired needs.
 In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line. Even a
variable impedance multiplied by the current flow through it, represents an
injected series voltage in the line. As long as the voltage is in phase
quadrature with the line current, the series Controller only supplies or
consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship will involve
handling of real power as well.

General symbol of Series controller

Shunt controllers
 The shunt controllers may be variable impedance, variable
sources or combination of these. In principle, all shunt Controllers inject
current into the system at the point of connection. As long as the injected
current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt Controller only
supplies or consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship will
involve handling of real power as well.

General symbol of Shunt controller

Combined series-series controllers:
The combination could be separate series controllers or unified
series-series controller. Series Controllers provide independent series
reactive compensation for each line but also transfer real power among
the lines via the power link- Interline Power Flow Controller.
In which series Controllers provide independent series reactive
compensation for each line but also transfer real power among the lines
via the power link.
 The real power transfer capability of the unified series-series
Controller, referred to as Interline Power Flow Controller, makes it
possible to balance both the real and reactive power flow in the lines
and thereby maximize the utilization of the transmission system.
 Note that the term "unified" here means that the de terminals of all
Controller converters are all connected together for real power transfer.

Symbol of Series- Series controller

Combined series-shunt controllers:
 The combination could be separated series and shunt
controllers or a unified power flow controller. In principle, combined
shunt and series Controllers inject current into the system with the
shunt part of the Controller and voltage in series in the line with the
series part of the Controller. However, when the shunt and series
Controllers are unified, there can be a real power exchange between
the series and shunt Controllers via the power link.

Symbol of Series- Shunt controller

Brief Description and Definitions of FACTS
controllers

 Shunt connected controllers

 Series connected controllers

 Combined shunt - series connected controllers

Shunt connected controllers
Types of shunt connected controllers available in the market

 Static Synchronous Generator (SSG)

 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
 Static Var Compensator (SVC)
 Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
 Thyrlstor Swltched Reactor (TSR)
 Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
 Static Var Generator or Absorber (SVG)
 Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR)
Shunt connected controllers

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM):

 A Static synchronous generator operated as a shunt-connected static
var compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can be
controlled independent of the ac system voltage.

STATCOM based on STATCOM based on

voltage-sourced converters current-sourced converters
 In cost point of view, the voltage-sourced converters seem to be
preferred, and will be the basis for presentations of most converter-based
FACTS Controllers.
Static Var Compensator (SVC):
 A shunt-connected static var generator or absorber whose
output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to
maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system
(typically bus voltage).

 The thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) or thyristor-

switched reactor (TSR) for absorbing reactive power
and thyristor-switched capacitor (TCS) for supplying
the reactive power.
 SVC is considered by some as a lower cost
alternative to STATCOM.
Series connected controllers
Types of series connected controllers available in the market

 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
 Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR)
 Thyristor-Switched Series Reactor (TSSR)
Series connected controllers

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC):

 In a Static Synchronous Series Compensator, output voltage is in
quadrature with, and controllable independently of, the line current for the
purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop
across the line

 It is like a STATCOM, except that the

output ac voltage is in series with the line.
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC):
A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a
series capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor in
order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.

 It is an alternative to SSSC.

 The TCSC may be a single, large unit, or may consist of several equal or
different-sized smaller capacitors in order to achieve a superior
performance.
Combined shunt-series connected controllers
Types of shunt series connected controllers available in the market

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST)

Interphase Power Controller (IPC):

Combined shunt and series connected controllers
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC):
 A combination of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a
static series compensator (SSSC) which are coupled via a common dc link,
to allow bidirectional flow of real power between the series output terminals
of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM, and are
controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line compensation
without an external electric energy source.

 This is a complete Controller for

controlling active and reactive power
control through the line, as well as line
voltage control.
 Other controllers

Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Limiter (TCVL) Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Regulator (TCVR) based

on tap changing;

Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Regulator (TCVR)

based on voltage injection.
BENEFITS FROM FACTS TECHNOLOGY

 Control of power flow as ordered.

 Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities,
including short term and seasonal.
 Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit,
limiting short-circuit currents and overloads, managing cascading
blackouts and damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems
and machines.
 Provide secure tie line connections to neighboring utilities and regions
thereby decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on both sides.
 Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.
 Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry more
active power.
 Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
- A TCR and TSC are the most important building blocks of thyristor
based SVCs

Thyristor control reactor (TCR)

 The controllable range of the TCR firing angle,
alpha, extends from 90 degree to 180 degree.

 A firing angle of 90 degree results in full thyristor

conduction with a continuous sinusoidal current
flow in the TCR.

 The current reduces to zero for a firing angle of

180 degree.
BL
 Thyristor firing at angles below 90 degree
introduces dc components in the current, disturbing
the symmetrical operation of the two anti parallel
valve branches.
Let the source voltage be expressed as

Where,
V=Peak value of the applied voltage
ω=Angular frequency of supply voltage.

The TCR current is then given by the following differential equation:

TCR operating Characteristic

TCR V-I Characteristic TCR susceptance characteristic.

Current and voltages for different α in a TCR.
Thyristor Switched Capacitors:

 The capacitor voltage is not equal to the supply voltage when the thyristors are fired.
Immediately after closing the switch, a current of infinite magnitude flows and charges the
capacitor to the supply voltage in an infinitely short time. The switch realized by thyristors
cannot withstand this stress and would fail.

 The capacitor voltage is equal to the supply voltage when the thyristors are fired. The
analysis shows that the current will jump immediately to the value of the steady-state current.
The steady state condition is reached in an infinitely short time. Although the magnitude of
the current does not exceed the steady-state values, the thyristors have an upper limit of di/
dt values that they can withstand during the firing process. Here, di/ dt is infinite, and the
thyristor switch will again fail.
It can therefore be concluded that this simple circuit of a TSC branch
is not suitable.

is a magnification
factor
Static VAR Compensator (shunt connected controller)

Note:
The control strategy usually aims to maintain the transmission line voltage at a fixed level.
SVC V-I Characteristic
Thyristor-controlled series capacitor, TCSC
 Thyristor-controlled series capacitor, TCSC
- Series-connected controller
Advantage of Series Compensation

 With series capacitors, the reactive power increases as

the square of line current, whereas with shunt capacitors,
the reactive power is generated proportional to the square
of bus voltage.
 In a same system benefits as those of series
capacitors, shunt capacitors that are three to six times
more reactive power– rated than series capacitors need to
be employed.
 Furthermore, shunt capacitors typically must be
connected at the line midpoint, whereas no such
requirement exists for series capacitors.
Variable-Series Compensation

1. Enhanced base-power flow and loadability of the

series-compensated line.

2. Additional losses in the compensated line from the

enhanced power flow.

3. Increased responsiveness of power flow in the series-

compensated line from the outage of other lines in the
system.
TCSC CONTROLLER

A basic TCSC module

A typical TCSC system.

Variation of the TCSC reactance with firing angle alpha
Advantages of the TCSC
 Rapid, continuous control of the transmission-line series-
compensation level.
 Dynamic control of power flow in selected transmission
lines within the network to enable optimal power-flow
conditions and prevent the loop flow of power.
 Suppression of subsynchronous oscillations.
 Decreasing dc-offset voltages.
 Enhanced level of protection for series capacitors.
 Voltage support.
 Reduction of the short-circuit current. During events of
high short-circuit current, the TCSC can switch from the
controllable-capacitance to the controllable-inductance
mode, thereby restricting the short-circuit currents.
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC):
A combination of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and
a static series compensator (SSSC) which are coupled via a common dc
link, to allow bidirectional flow of real power between the series output
terminals of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM.

 STATCOM

 SSSC
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)

Equivalent circuit

Power circuit
STATCOM Operation

 If the amplitude of the output voltage is increased above that of

the utility bus voltage, Et, then a current flows through the reactance
from the converter to the ac system and the converter generates
capacitive-reactive power for the ac system.

 If the amplitude of the output voltage is decreased below the

utility bus voltage, then the current flows from the ac system to the
converter and the converter absorbs inductive-reactive power from
the ac system.

 If the output voltage equals the ac system voltage, the reactive-

power exchange becomes zero, in which case the STATCOM is said
to be in a floating state.

Power exchange
In practice, the semiconductor switches of the converter are not
lossless, so the energy stored in the dc capacitor is eventually used
to meet the internal losses of the converter, and the dc capacitor
voltage diminishes.

When the STATCOM is used for reactive-power generation, the

converter itself can keep the capacitor charged to the required
voltage level. This task is accomplished by making the output
voltages of the converter lag behind the ac-system voltages by a
small angle (usually in the 0.18–0.28 range).

In this way, the converter absorbs a small amount of real power from
the ac system to meet its internal losses and keep the capacitor
voltage at the desired level.
Static series compensator (SSSC)

Equivalent circuit

Power circuit
SSSC Operation

For instance, if the injected voltage is in phase with the line current,
then the voltage would exchange real power.

On the other hand, if a voltage is injected in quadrature with the line
current, then reactive power—either absorbed or generated—would be
exchanged.
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC):

Inverter 1 Inverter 2
STATCOM SSSC
UPFC Operation
 Inverter 2 provides the main function of the UPFC by injecting an
ac voltage Vpq with controllable magnitude Vpq (0 < Vpq < Vpq
max) and phase angle α(0< α< 360), at the power frequency, in
series with line via an insertion transformer.

 The transmission line current flows through this voltage source

resulting in real and reactive power exchange between it and the ac
system. The real power exchanged at the ac terminal (i.e. at the
terminal of the injection transformer) is converted by the inverter into
dc power, which appears at the dc link as positive or negative real
power demand.

 The basic function of Inverter 1 is to supply or absorb the real

power demanded by Inverter 2 at the common dc link.

Inverter 1 can also generate or absorb controllable reactive power,

if it is desired, and thereby it can provide independent shunt reactive
compensation for the line.
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC):

Power circuit

 The basic difference with a UPFC is that the support system in the IPFC

is the series converter instead of a shunt converter.