PRACTICAL RESEARCH

2
P RE PA RE D BY: MA RIA RA MHE LA GA RLA ND O, LP T

WEEK 9 & 10
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

UNIT III:
LEARNING FROM OTHERS
AND REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE

WEEK 9 & 10
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT II

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:
1.Demo n s t r at e u n derstan di n g of th e concep t u al
framew o r k.
2.Di ff eren t i at e t h e di ff eren t types of h ypo t h esi s.
3.Demo n s t r at e u n derstan di n g of defi n i ti o n o f t e rms
u sed i n t h e st u dy.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

UNIT III
LESSON 8:
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK

WEEK 9 & 10
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

WHAT IS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK?

C ON C E P TUA L M OD E L S or C ON C E P TUA L F RA M E W ORK S

dea l w i t h a b s t r a c t i on s (c on c ep t ) t h a t a re a s s em b l es b y
vi r t u e o f t h ei r rel ev a n c e t o a c om m on t h em e. C on c ep t u a l
mod el s p r o v i d e a p e r s pe c ti v e r e ga r di n g in te r r e l a te d
ph e n o m e n a , b u t a re mo re l o os el y s t r u c t u res t h a n t h eor i es .

C on c ep t u a l mo d el s can s er v e as sp r i n gb o a r d s f or
gen er a t i n g res ea rc h h y p o t h es es (Pol i t a n d Bec k , 2 0 0 7 ).
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

WHAT IS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK?

A c o n c e p tu a l f r a m e w o r k i s a g r a p h i c a l p r e s e n ta ti o n o f
c o n c e p ts u n d er s t u d y a n d ex i s t i n g rel a t i on s h i p s t h a t ex i s t
bet w een or a mo n g t h es e c on c ep t s .

C ONCE P TUAL FRAMEWORK

THE ORETICAL FRAM EWORK

an existing e stablished a specifi ed conceptual

theory serv es as a basis model which serves as
of a research study the root of a research
study
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

01 T O M A K E R E S E A R C H F IN DIN G S M E A N IN G F U L

T O L IN K O B S E R VAT IO N S A N D FA C T S IN T O A
02
M E A N IN G F U L A N D O R D E R LY S T R U C T U R E O R S C H E M E

T O A L LO W R E S E A R C H E R S T O M A K E P R E DIC T IO N O N
03
THE OCCURENCE OF PHENOMENA

04 T O S E R V E A S C ATA LY S T F O R F U T U R E R E E A R C H
E N D E AVO R S
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DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK IN A QUANTITATIVE

STUDY
I n d e v e l o p i n g a fra m e w o rk, o n e m u s t b e a b le
t o c re a t e g e n e ra liz a tio n s b y the p ro ce s s o f
re a s o n i n g fro m s p e cifi c o b s e rv a tio n. T his
p ro c e s s i s k n o w n a s i n d u c ti on .
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

STEPS IN DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK
01 S E L E C T A T O P IC A N D C L A R IF Y YO U R O B JE C T IV E S

R E V IE W T H E L IT E R AT U R E A N D DIS C U SS P R O B L E M W IT H
02
COLLEAGUES

DE V E LO P IDE A S B A S E D O N T H E R E V IE W E D L IT E R AT U R E
03
A N D B A S E D O N O N E ’S O W N E X P E R IE N C E S

C R E AT E A C O N C E P T UA L S C H E M E B A S E D O N T H E
04
DE V E LO P M E N T ID E A S
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

EXAMPLE: T H E FA C T O R S IN F LU E N C IN G F O R E IG N S T U D E N T S
T O S T U DY O N T H E P H IL IP P IN E S

PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS

Q ualit y educat ion Lack of social

in t he P hilippines suppor t

Hospit alit y of t he FOREIGN STUDENT’S S t r ict adm ission

F ilipinos ENROLMENT IN THE r equir em ent s
PHILIPPINES

S af et y and
A ff or dable school
secur it y issue in
f ees
t he P hilippines
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

EXAMPLE: T H E FA C T O R S IN F LU E N C IN G F O R E IG N S T U D E N T S
T O S T U DY O N T H E P H IL IP P IN E S

H Y P O T H E S IS :
“ A C H E A P E R T U IT IO N F E E W IL L R E S U LT T O A N
IN C R E A S E IN E N R O L L M E N T O F F O R E IG N
S T U D E N T S IN T H E P H IL IP P IN E S ”
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EXAMPLE: Research Topic: Level of Effectiveness

of Using Social Media in the Political
Literacy of College Students
T H E “ IP O ” P R O C E SS
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

Factors Affecting the Satisfaction Level of Community

EXAMPLE:
Inhabitants
CONCEPT MAP
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

UNIT III
LESSON 9:
THE RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS

WEEK 9 & 10
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis is a statement of the researcher’s prediction about

relationships between or among the variables under investigation.
In other words, it is prediction of an expected outcome.

They state the relationships researchers expect to find as a result

of the study. Most quantitative studies are designed to test
hypotheses through statistical analysis.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

01 Types of hypothesis according to number of VARIABLES:

A. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS - a hypothesis which expresses

prediction between one independent variable and one dependent
variable.

X - single independent variable (cause)

Y - single dependent variable (effect)

example: Unemployment leads to higher incidence of crime

 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

01 Types of hypothesis according to number of VARIABLES:

B. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS - a prediction of a relationship

between more than one independent variables and/or more than
one dependent variables (also known as multivariate hypothesis
because of the presence of several variables)

In a complex hypothesis, there is more than one X’s (independent

variables), or more than one Y’s (dependent variable).
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

01 Types of hypothesis according to number of VARIABLES:

B. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS

example of complex hypothesis with multiple independent

variables:
Illiteracy and unemployment leads to higher incidence of crime

example of complex hypothesis with multiple dependent

variables:
Unemployment leads to higher incidence of crime and poverty
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

02 Types of hypothesis according to PREDICTED RESULT:

NULL VERSUS RESEARCH

A. NULL HYPOTHESIS - this hypothesis explicates that no

relationship exists between the dependent and the
independent variable. It may also show that X (independent
variable) has no effect on the Y (dependent variable). A null
hypothesis is symbolized by H0.

example: The number of books owned by a student does not affect

his academic perfomance
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

02 Types of hypothesis according to PREDICTED RESULT:

NULL VERSUS RESEARCH

B. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS – also known as alternative or

affi rmative hypothesis; this hypothesis explicates that a
relationship exists between the dependent and independent
variable. It may also show that the X (independent) has an effect
on Y (dependent). A research hypothesis is symbolized by Ha.

example: Exposure to music affects the level of anxiety

 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

03 Directional versus Non-directional hypothesis

Non-directional hypothesis - this is a type of research

(alternative) hypothesis which state that a relationship or
differences exists between the variables but the direction of the
relationship or difference is not explicated.

example: Health affects the level of stress among Senior High

School students.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 | UNIT III

03 Directional versus Non-directional hypothesis

Directional hypothesis - this is a type of research (alternative)

hypothesis which state that a relationship or differences exists
between the variables and it also explicates the direction of that
relationship, hence, directional. This is a prediction made by a
researcher regarding a positive or negative change.
keywords: higher, lower, more, less, increase, decrease, positive, and negative

example: The health of the students decreases as their level of

stress increases.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

GUIDELINES IN
FORMULATING
HYPOTHESES
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
HYPOTHESES

1.Hypotheses are written in declarative form.

2.The hypotheses and research problem must be
aligned.
3.The hypotheses must state the predicted
relationship between or among the variables under
study.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
HYPOTHESES

4. Hypotheses must be based on existing knowledge

like previous study results. It may also be based on the
experience and observation of the researcher.

5. Be direct to the point. Avoid wordiness and run-on

statements.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

UNIT III
LESSON 10:
DEFINITION OF TERMS

WEEK 9 & 10
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In a research study, concepts or variables need to be

defi ned based on how they will be used in the study
because a defi nition from the dictionary will usually not
suffi ce. This is to further clarify the purpose of the study.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

TWO TYPES OF DEFINITIONS:

01 CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
what a concept means in abstract or theoretical terms; may be
taken from the dictionary

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
02
links a concept to the concrete world by telling you how to
observe and/or measure the concept; this is a definition made
by the researcher based on how the term(s) will be used in a
particular field of study
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
An operational defi nition of a concept specifi es the operations that
researchers must perform to collect the required information. Variables
diff er in the ease with which they can be operationally defi ned.

Example: Height of the SHS students in Higher Educational Institution

in the National Capital Region

Defi ne the word “height” based on its function in the topic.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

THANK YOU!