Understanding Culture

Society and Politics

Social StratifIcation
Social Stratification
 refers to the division
of large social groups
into smaller groups 01
based on categories
determined by
economics.

Sociologists
 relate social stratification to social standing.
Sociologists
 relate social
stratification to 01

social standing.
 COMMON BASES OF SOCIAL

STARTIFICATION

Access Access to
Wealth to material and
Property
political cultural
power goods
 OTHER IDENTIFIABLE BASES

RACE GENDER RELIGION

Social Exclusion
 this refers to the
process by which
01
individuals are cut off
from full involvement
in the wider circles of
society
SYSTEMS OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
impose rigid boundaries
between social groups and
limit interactions
OPEN among
members SYSTEM
who belong to
mobility to different social
groups or occupy different CLOSE
levels in the social SYSTEM
hierarchy.
 OPEN  is based on achievement,
SYSTEM allowing more flexibility in
social roles, increased social
and better interaction among
social groups and classes.
Click here to add text content, such as
keywords, some brief introductions,
etc.
CASTE SYSTEM
are closed stratification systems
because people are unable to
change their social standing.
This promote belief in fate, destiny, and the will of
a higher spiritual power rather than the promotion
of individual freedom.
CLASS SYSTEM
is a stratification system based
on the ownership of resources
and the individual's occupation or
profession.
SOCIAL CLASS
 is composed of people who
share the same background and
characteristics such as income,
education, and occupation.
CLASS SYSTEM
base social status on achievement
rather than ascription and are thus
more open in terms of social mobility.
> Exogamous Marriages

> Endogamous Marriages

MERITOCRACY
is another system of stratification
that is determined by personal
effort and merit.
 SOCIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE OF
STRATIFICATION
FUNCTIONALISM
FUNCTIONALISM

The Functionalist Perspective 

examines how the different aspects Of
society contribute to ensuring its stability
and continued function.
Davis-Moore
Thesis  introduced by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert
Moore in 1945

 proposed that a social role that has a

greater functional purpose will result in
greater reward, and that stratification
represents the inherently unequal value of
different types of work
Melvin Tumin

He criticized the Davis-Moore thesis and
said that it was unable to consider situations
where individuals of little talent or skill are
able to access better opportunities or occupy
higher positions in society,
Melvin Tumin
He sees social stratification as being
defined by the lack of opportunities for
the less-privileged sectors of society.
CONFLICT
THEORY
CONFLICT THEORY

Conflict Theorists believe that

stratification perpetuates inequality, and
they draw many of their ideas from the
works of Karl Marx.
Karl Marx
believed that social stratification is
influenced by economic forces, and that
relationships in society are defined by the
factors of production.
Add title text

TWO GROUPS OF
SOCIETY :
01 Bourgeois Or Capitalists
-- who own the factors of
production such as resources, land,
and businesses;
Add title text

TWO GROUPS OF
SOCIETY :
02 Proletariat
-- who are the workers that
provide the manual labor needed
to produce goods.
 SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

 it examines stratification from a

microlevel perspective and attempts to
explain how people's social standing
affects their everyday interactions.
 SOCIAL
MOBILITY
SOCIAL MOBILITY
is the ability of individuals or
groups to change their positions
within a social stratification system.
 Two Main Types Of Social Mobility

01 Upward Mobility
> refers to an upward
movement in social
class.
 Two Main Types Of Social Mobility

01 Upward Mobility 02 Downward mobility

> refers to an upward > refers to the lowering
movement in social of an individual's social
class. class.
Intragenerational Mobility
focuses on the experience of people
who belong to the same generation.
Also considers the changes in a
person's social standing throughout
his or her lifetime.
Intergenerational Mobility
refers to the changes in social
standing experienced by individuals
belonging to different generations.
Structural Mobility
is large-scale changes in society can
result in the improvement or decline
of the conditions and status of a
large group of people
 SOCIAL
INEQUALITY
SOCIAL INEQUALITY

 Itis often seen in distinctions in

class, gender, religion, ethnicity,
and age.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
and
POVERTY
 Important Concepts In
Understanding Social Inequality:

01 Social Class 02 Stratification

Social classes
are derived from the inequalities brought
about by the possession and control or
resources, as well as access to opportunities
for education and employment.
Karl Marx
> considered class as an essential
characteristic based on the economic structure
of society.
Max Weber
> defined stratification through the
concept or status which he defined as the
esteem or "social honor" given to certain
individuals or groups.
Market Position
> which refers to the ability of
individuals or groups to engage
in economic activities.
Warner, Meeker, and Eels

> suggested that class is influenced

by cultural factors such as lifestyle
and consumption patterns.
THE CONCEPT 01.
The
OF CLASS 02.
The Upper
03.
Lower Class Middle Class
or Working Class
Class
THE CONCEPT OF CLASS

01.
The Upper Class

is usually composed of the
rich, well-born, powerful, or a
combination of these.
THE CONCEPT OF CLASS

02.
The Middle Class
 the most contested of the three
categories

 refers to a group of people who fall

socioeconomically between the lower and
upper classes
THE CONCEPT OF CLASS

03.
The Lower Class or Working Class
 refers to those employed in low-paying wage jobs
with very little economic security.

 They are also sometimes called blue-collar

workers.
POVERTY

Absolute poverty
refers to the lack of basic resources
like food, clean water, safe housing,
and access to health care needed to
maintain a quality lifestyle
POVERTY

Relative poverty
applies to those who may be able
to obtain basic necessities but are
still unable to maintain an
average standard of living
compared to the rest of society.
POVERTY

Subjective Poverty
is a type of poverty that is defined
by how an individual evaluates his
or her actual income against his or
her expectations and perceptions.
 GENDER
INEQUALITY
GENDER INEQUALITY

Gender

refers to the culturally-imposed
characteristics that define
masculinity and femininity.
GENDER INEQUALITY

Sex

which refers to biological and
anatomical differences that
distinguish males from females.
GENDER INEQUALITY

Gender Role

refers to specific tasks and behaviors
expected of a person by virtue of his
or her sex.
GENDER INEQUALITY

Gender Identity
is another important concept which
refers to how a person identifies
himself or herself as belonging to a
particular gender.
GENDER INEQUALITY

Patriarchy
 refers to the socially sanctioned and
systematic domination of males over
females
 ETHNICTY
and
RACE ISSUES
ETHNICITY
is the feeling of affinity or
loyalty towards a particular
popu1ation cultural group, or
territorial area

PPT 模板 http://www.1ppt.com/moban/
ETHNICITY
It is a form of cultural identity,
although it operates at a deeper
and more emotional level.

PPT 模板 http://www.1ppt.com/moban/
 RACE
It refers to physical or genetic
differences among humankind
that distinguish one group of
people from another such as
skin and hair color, physique,
and facial features.
PPT 模板 http://www.1ppt.com/moban/
R
A refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs,
and practices used to justify the
C
superior treatment of one racial or
I
ethnic group and the inferior
S
treatment of another racial or ethnic
M
group.
PPT 模板 http://www.1ppt.com/moban/
DISCRIMINATION
refers to actions or behavior of
members of a dominant social group
that negatively impacts other
members of society that do not
belong to the dominant group.

PPT 模板 http://www.1ppt.com/moban/
 GLOBAL
INEQUALITY
Global Stratification
refers to the unequal distribution of
wealth , power, and prestige on global
basis, highlighting patterns of social
inequality and resulting in people
having vastly different lifestyles and
opportunities both within and among
the nations of the world.
Countries can be classified and differentiated
according to their:

Per-person Per capita

gross national product gross domestic product
(GNP) (GDP)
GLOBAL INEQUALITY

Variety of Theories
MARKET-ORIENTED
> claim that cultural and
THEORIES
institutional barriers to
development explain
Modernization poverty in low-income
countries.
Theory
 > claim that global poverty is
Dependency the result of exploitation of
Theories poor countries by wealthy
ones, thereby creating a cycle
of dependence.
 > focuses on the
World-Systems relationship among the
Theories "core," "peripheral," and
"semi peripheral" countries
in the global economy.
 > focuses on long-term
World-Systems trends in the global
Theories economy and global
commodity chains that
erase national borders.
 > emphasize the role
State-Centered of governments in
Theories fostering economic
development.
THANK
YOU
SPEAKER NAME AND TITLE