HUMAN

REPRODUCTION
PROCESS IN HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
• GAMETOGENESIS- Formation of gametes.
• INSEMINATION-Transfer of male gametes in female reproductive tract.
• FERTILIZATION- Fusion of male and female gametes.
• IMPLANTATION- Attachment of blastocyst to uterine wall.
• GESTATION- Embryonic development.
• PARTURITION- Delivery of the baby
Human reproduce sexually.
They are viviparous.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
They consist of different parts-
1. Primary reproductive organ- TESTIS.
2. Genital duct- Rete testis, Vasa efferentia,Vas deferens, Epidydimis,
Ejaculatory duct(To transfer , store and nourish the gametes)
3. Accesory glands-Prostrate, Seminal vesicle and Bulbourethral gland.
4. External genitalia
TESTIS
• Primary reproductive organ.
• Produces male gametes:Sperm, also produce hormone: Testosterone.
• Testis are present extra abdominally in the scrotum as it requires 2-
2.5 degree temperature less than human body for spermatogenesis.
• Each testis oval with 4-5 cm long and 2-3 cm width.
• It is surrounded by dense protective covering- Outside Tunica
vaginalis and inside Tunica albuginea.
• T. albuginea divides the testis into 250 compartments called testicular
lobules which contains seminiferous tubules.
testicular lobules diagram
Each testicular lobule has 2- 3 seminiferous tubules in which sperms are
produced.
Each seminiferous tubule is lined by two types of cellon its inside- Male
germ cells(Spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells.
SPERMATOGONIA- It undergo meiosis divisions leading to sperm
formation.
SERTOLI CELL-
• They provide nourishment to the developing germ cells.
• It digest the worn out parts of sperms during spermatogeneis.
• It discard the dead sperms.
• The spaces between the seminiferous tubule is occupied by
INTERSTISTIAL CELL OR LEYDIG CELLS- They produces androgen i.e
Testosterone.
IMMUNOLOGICALLY COMPETENT CELL- It protects the sperms from
microorganisms attack.
DUCT SYSTEM
FUNCTION OF DUCT-
• Transport of gametes.
• Stores gametes.
• Nourish the gametes
• The seminiferous tubules of testis opens into tubuli recti
• Then it gets conected to a duct called rete testis
• Later to vasa efferentia
• Then to Epididymis which is located along the posterior surface of testis
• Then to Vas deferens which ascends to the abdomen and loops over the
urinary bladder.
• Then Vas deferens receive a duct from seminal vesicle and forms an
ejaculatory duct.
• then it opens to Urethra.
• Then it opens outside through the penis called urethral meatus.
ACCESORY GLANDS
• PROSTATE- Single, Nut shaped , secrete calcium ions and certain
enzymes
• SEMINAL VESICLE- Paired, Present behind urinary bladder, Fructose
• COWPER’S/BULBOURETHRAL GLAND- Paired, Pea shaped, Provides
Mucus for lubrication
• Mainly mucus is produced by Cowper’s gland but the other two also
helps in the sme.
PENIS
• Male external genetilia
• It is elongated structure.
• Made up of special tissue that heps in erection of the penis to
facilitate insemination.
• The penis is thats why called the erectile organ.
• The enlarged end of penis called glans penis is covered by loose fold
of skin called foreskin.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Primary reproductive organ- OVARIES.
• Duct system- Fallophian tube, Cervix, Cervical canal, Vagina
• Accesory gland- Mammary glands
• External genetilia- Vagina
OVARY
• 1 pair, almond in shape.
• Present in each side of the lower abdomen.
• Each ovary is about 2-4 cm in lenth.
• It is connected to the fallophian tube and uterus by ligaments.
• Each ovary is connected to the epithelium which encloses the ovarian
stroma.The stroma is divided into two zones-peripheral cortex and inner
medulla.
• In cortex, follicles are present and in medulla, blood vessels are
connected.
• It produces female gamete and hormones:Estrogen, Progesterone.
DUCT SYSTEM
FALLOPHIAN TUBE-
• Ciliated epithelium(Movement of gamete/zygote/embryo.
• It consist of three regions-Infundibulum,Ampulla, Isthmus
• Ampulla is the junction where fertilization takes place.
UTERUS-
• Site of implantation
• Three layers- Endometrium:Cycle changes,Myometrium:Smmoth
muscle- Delivery of baby, Perimetrium:Protection
CERVIX-Cervical glands that secrete mucus.
VAGINA- Copulatory canal
 Cervix and vagina together called as birth canal.
EXTERNAL GENETILIA/VULVA/PUDENDUM

The female external genital include mons pubis, labia majora, labia
minora , hymen and clitoris.
• Mons pubis cusion fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hairs.
• Labia majora extends down the mons pubis and surrounds the vaginal
opening.
• Labia minora are paired folds of tissue present under labia majora.
• Clitoris is present at the upper side of labia minora.
• The opening of vagina is partially covered by membrane called Hymen
Which can be broken during sexual intercourse, Vaginal tampons or
heavy exercis.
MAMMARY GLANDS
• 1 pair, present in thorax.
• Female:Developed, Male:Reduced.
• It produce milk.
• The mammary glands contain Glandular tissue and variable amount of fat.
• The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into15-20 mammary lobes
containing xlusters of cells called alveoli.
• The alveoli open into mammary tubules called mammary duct whch later
opens into wider mammary ampulla which is conected to lactiferous duct.
• Alveoli secrete milk, Ampulla stores milk
• Prolactin hormone secrete milk, Oxytocin release milk.
STRUCTURE OF SPERM
• Sperm mainly consist of four regions- Head, Neck, Middle piece and Tail
1. Head- In head,Acrosome is present which is cap like structure. Golgi
bodies and enzymes are present. The nucleus of the head region
contains genetic material but it doesnot contain cytoplasm.
2. Neck- It contains two types of centrioles--Proximal centriole:It enters
the ovum during fertilization for mitosis, Distal centrioles:It helps in
formation of axial filament of tail which help in whiplash movement.
3. Middle piece- It contains mitochondria which provide energy for the
movement.
4. Tail- It helps the sperm to swim.