Scribd
Upload
5 views

Lecture 1 Introduction

Uploaded by

notmausam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Lecture 1 Introduction

Uploaded by

notmausam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Lecture 1

Introduction

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.1
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term telecommunication means communication at a


distance.

The word data refers to information presented in whatever


form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the
data.

Data communications are the exchange of data between


two devices via some form of transmission medium such
as a wire cable.

1.2
Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

1.3
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.4
1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


connected by communication links.

A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device


capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.

1.5
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.6
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

In a group, prepare the following:


- Description
- Advantages & disadvantages
- Example of implementation
Then you have to share your finding to class.

1.7
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.8
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.9
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.10
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.11
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.12
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.13
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.14
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

1.15
1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our


daily lives.

It has affected the way we do business as well as the way


we spend our leisure time.

The Internet is a communication system that has brought


a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it
for our use.

1.16
In the mid-1960s, mainframe computers in research organizations
were standalone devices. Computers from different manufacturers
were unable to communicate with one another.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department


of Defense (DoD) was interested in finding a way to connect
computers so that the researchers they funded could share their
findings, thereby reducing costs and eliminating duplication of effort.

By 1969, ARPANET was a reality. Four nodes, at the University of


California at Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of California at
Santa Barbara (UCSB), Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and the
University of Utah, were connected.

The internet has come a long way since the 1960s. The Internet today
is not a simple hierarchical structure.

1.17
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

NAP stands for


Network Access
Point is a point at
which sections of
the Internet’s
high-speed
backbone are
connected.
Internet service
providers (ISPs)
are connected at
Network Access
Points (NAPs) so
that they can
exchange
packets.

1.18
1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols


and standards.

First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with rule.


Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules.

1.19
PROTOCOLS

In computer networks, communication occurs between entities in


different systems. An entity is anything capable of sending or
receiving information.

However, two entities cannot simply send bit streams to each other
and expect to be understood. For communication to occur, the
entities must agree on a protocol.

A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.


A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated,
and when it is communicated.

1.20
STANDARDS

Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,


government agencies, and other service providers to ensure the kind
of interconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace and in
international communications.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)


International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication
Standards Sector (ITU-T)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

1.21
CLASS ACTIVITY
In a group, study on the given organization and identify the following:
-Background
-Functions
Then you have to share your finding to class.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)


International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standards
Sector (ITU-T)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

1-22
END

1.23

You might also like