INDIAN SCHOOL

MUSCAT CHAPTER-1
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
Introduction
Physical Nature of Matter
Matter is made up of particles
How small these particles of matter?
Characteristics of particles of Matter

By- Mr.Jakeer Nazirudeen

 MATTER?

INTRODUCTION
●A Matter Can Be Anything
●Example:
The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and
animals, even a small drop of water or a particle of sand– each thing is matter.

● A Mater Exist In The Universe Every Where

● A Matter Has Definite Shapes

● A Matter Has Definite Volume

● A Matter Has Definite Mass

 Classification of matter
Early Attempts to Classify Matter

●Classification by Early Indian philosophers

●“Panch Tatva”
All matters are considered to be made of these
five Basic elements which includes
living and non living matters.

● Air ● Earth ● Fire ● Sky ● Water

●Classification by Modern Day Scientists

● Based on Physical Properties of Matter.

● Based on Chemical Properties of matter.
 Physical nature of matter
Matter is made up of Particles
●Matter to be continuous like a
block of wood.
Two Schools of
Thoughts ●Matter was made up of particles
like sand.
Is continuous (or) Particulate?
Activity
• Take a 100 mL beaker, Fill half the beaker with water and mark the level of water.
• Dissolve some salt/ sugar with the help of a glass rod.
• Observe any change in water level. What do you think has happened to the salt?
• Where does it disappear?
• Does the level of water change?
 Experimental Observation

● This simple experiment shows that matter is made up of particles.

● Before dissolving the salt (or) sugar in Water it is visible to us.
● After dissolving the salt is not visible, but still it is inside the water as very tiny particles due to
spreading all over the liquid.
● When we dissolve salt in water, the particles of salt get into the spaces between particles of
water.
HOW SMALL ARE THESE PARTICLES OF MATTER?
ACTIVITY

Estimating How Small Are The Particles Of Matter

●Take out approximately 10 mL of this solution and put it into 90 mL of clear

water.
● Take out 10 mL of this solution and put it into another 90 mL of clear water.
● Keep diluting the solution like this 5 to 8 times.
● Is the water still colored?
 EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION

●This experiment shows that just a few crystals of potassium permanganate can color a large
volume of water
(about 1000 L).
● So we conclude that there must be millions of tiny particles in just one crystal of potassium
permanganate,
which keep on dividing themselves into smaller and smaller particles.
● Ultimately a stage is reached when the particles cannot divide further into smaller particles.
● The same activity can be done using 2 mL of Dettol instead of potassium permanganate.
CONCLUSION
● The smell can be detected even on repeated dilution .

● Matter is made up of small tiny particles that are beyond our imagination.
 Characteristics of Particles of Matter

Particles Of Matter Have Space Between Them

Characteristics of
Particles of Matter Particles Of Matter Are Continuously Moving

Particles Of Matter Attract Each Other

 Particles of matter space between them
●we saw that particles of sugar, salt, Dettol, or potassium permanganate got
evenly distributed in water.

● Similarly, when we make tea, coffee or lemonade

(Nimbu Paani ), particles of one type of matter get into the
spaces between particles of the other.

● This shows that there is enough space between particles

of matter.
Particles of matter are continuously moving….
ACITIVITY-1

●Put an unlit incense stick in a corner of your class.

At
Distance
● How close do you have to go near it so as to get its smell?
Answer: Very Close.

Now light the incense stick. What happens?

Answer: It burns slowly with pleasant smell.

At Very Close
Do you get the smell sitting at a distance?
Answer: Yes
Particles of matter are continuously moving….
ACITIVITY-2
●Take two glasses/beakers filled with water.
● Put a drop of blue or red ink slowly and carefully along the sides of the first beaker and honey in the same way in the
second beaker.
● Leave them undisturbed in your house or in a corner in the class.
OBSERVATION

● What do you observe immediately after adding the ink drop?

Answer: The ink uniformly mixes with water within seconds.
The drop of ink immediately starts spreading in all directions
imparting blue or red color.

● What do you observe immediately after adding a drop of honey?

Answer: It does not mixes and goes at the bottom of water.

● How many hours or days does it take for the color of ink to spread evenly throughout the water?
Answer: Time taken is few more seconds.
Particles of matter are continuously moving….
ACITIVITY-3
●Drop a crystal of copper sulphate or potassium permanganate into a glass of hot water and another containing cold water.
● Do not stir the solution.
● Allow the crystals to settle at the bottom.
OBSERVATION
● What do you observe just above the solid crystal in the glass?
Answer: In the glass of cold water, Copper sulphate /KMnO4 crystals settles down at the bottom and whereas in Hot water ,
CuSO4/KMnO4 crystals spreads slowly and we can see the color of water changing to blue/pink.

● What happens as time passes?

Answer: Even in cold water CuSO4 /KMnO4 crystals will dissolve in cold water at slow rate whereas in Hot water it dissolves faster and color of water
Changes to blue/Pink .

● What does this suggest about the particles of solid and liquid?
Answer: The particles of matter move continuously .

● Does the rate of mixing change with temperature? Why and how?
Answer: As they move they posses Kinetic energy. As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases and thus particles get diffused at
faster rate.
 conclusion
●Particles of matter are continuously moving, that is, they possess
what we call the kinetic energy. As the temperature rises,
particles move faster.
● So, we can say that with increase in temperature the kinetic energy
of the particles also increases.
● In the above three activities we observe that particles of matter intermix
on their own with each other. They do so by getting into the spaces between the particles.

Diffusion?
● This intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.
● We also observe that on heating, diffusion becomes faster.
● Why does this happen?
Answer: Because the kinetic energy increasing and the particles start moving with high speed.
Particles of matter get in or between the particles of each other speedily. So, the
PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER

ACTIVITY-1
●Play this game in the field— make four groups and form human chains as suggested
●The first group should hold each other from the back and lock arms like Bihu dancers .
● The second group should hold hands to form a human chain.
● The third group should form a chain by touching each other with only their finger tips.
● Now, the fourth group of students should run around and try to break the three human
chains one by one into as many small groups as possible.

●Which group was the easiest to break? Why?

Answer: Third Group Human Chain. Because the chain is just formed by touching the finger tips. It is easier to
break the chain than other human chain.

● If we consider each student as a particle of matter, then in which group the particles held each other with the
maximum force?
Answer: Group one human chain. Because of strong holding of particles and hard to break.
PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER continued…

ACTIVITY-2

● Take an iron nail, a piece of chalk and a rubber band.

● Try breaking them by hammering, cutting or stretching.

● In which of the above three substances do you think the

particles are held together with greater force?
Answer:
 PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER continued…
ACTIVITY-3
● Open a water tap, try breaking the stream of water with
your fingers.

●Were you able to cut the stream of water?

Answer: No we can not do.

●What could be the reason behind the stream of water remaining together?
Answer: a stream of water cannot be broken with fingers because attractive
forces bind water molecules together.
CONCLUSION

● That particles of matter have force acting between them.

● This force keeps the particles together.
● The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.
 HOME WORK
● Collect different materials at your home.
● Segregate them into different category , based on their physical nature at
room temperature.
● Draw a table and categories the materials as solid, liquid and gas.
● Report the measurable quantity of matter in each category of materials like
shape, size, volume and mass.
HOT QUESTION?

● Why certain matter can exist in all physical state? Give your Reason.
END OF THE
SESSION
THANK YOU