Scribd
Upload
5 views

Introduction 1st Lecture MOdified

Uploaded by

hk9976614
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Introduction 1st Lecture MOdified

Uploaded by

hk9976614
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Fundamental Microbiology

1st lecture
Dr. Rafiq Ahmad
Introduction & classification of bacteria
• Bacterial taxonomy consists of classification, nomenclature and
identification of microorganisms.
• taxonomy approach used in nomenclature and systematic of a
novel Bacteria and Archaea includes a combination of
chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and genotypic data.
genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material

Chemotaxonomy, also called Pheno" simply means "observe“ genetic makeup which
chemosystematics, to classify and The term covers the organism's morphology or distinguished from the physical
identify organisms (originally physical form and structure, appearance, of an organism or a
plants) according to confirmable its developmental processes, its biochemical group of organisms.
differences and similarities in and physiological properties.
their biochemical compositions.
History
• The relationship between the three domains ( Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukaryote).
• Most of the metabolic pathways are common between Archaea and
Bacteria, while most genes involved in genome expression are common
between Archaea and Eukaryote.
• Bacon, Fracstoro, Lucretius Lucretius suggested that disease was caused
by invisible living creatures.
• In 1658, Kircher was first person to recognize significance of these living
creatures.
• In 1673 Van Leeuwenhoek first person to observe & described
microorganisms accurately, both bacteria and protozoa.
Development of Microbiology
• Müller was the first to attempt to classify bacteria into various types
in 1786.
• General concept
• Classification (classified and identified to distinguish among strains
and to group )
• Nomenclature (Bacteria are named)
• Species (groups of similar organisms within a genus)
• Diagnostic classification ( morphological and biochemical tests,)
• Subtyping (serotyping, enzyme typing, identification of toxins)
• New and Unusual Species ( rare or newly described species)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8406/
Scope of Microbiology

1. Ecology and environment:

2. Food microbiology:

3.Medicine: clinical and


pharmaceutical microbiology
Phenotypic Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms

• Classification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by


naming and grouping organisms based on similarities.
• It can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism,
or on differences in cell components such as DNA, fatty acids,
pigments, antigens, and quinones.
• Gram Staining
• It differentiate Gram +ve & G-ve bacteria.
• Ziehl–Neelsen staining Used to identify Acid Fast Organism. (TB)
Bacterial Morphology
• Bacteria can be classified according to morphological characteristics
• Cell, shape, size and structure. (Size 0.2 and 2.0 µm)
• Bacteria can be classified into major groups
• Cocci
• Mono cocci (Monococcus spp.)
• Diplococci (Streptococcus pneumonia)
• Staphylococci (Staphylococcus)
• streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes)
• tetrad cocci (Micrococcus spp. Tetragenococcus)
Bacterial Morphology
• Bacilli (Rod shaped bacteria)
• Form endospores
• Facultative anaerobes
• They can be described as
• Diplobacilli (Coxiella burnetii; Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis) G-ve
• Streptobacilli (elongated chains, treptobacillus moniliformis;
Streptobacillus felis)
• Schaudinnum bütschlii
• Epulopiscium spp (200-700µm)
Bacterial Morphology
• Actinomycetes
• These are rigid organism like true bacteria but they resemble fungi in
that they exhibit branching and tend to form filaments.

• Spirochaetes
• These are relatively longer, slender no branched microorganisms of
spiral shape having several coils.
• Mycoplasma
• These bacteria lack in rigid cell wall and are highly pleomorphic and
of indefinite shape

• Rickettsia and Chlamydia


• These are small obligate parasites and at one time were considered
closely related to the viruses now these are regarded as bacteria.
• Anatomical features
• Capsule
• Capsule –streptococcus pneumonia
• Non capsulated Viridans streptococci.
Capsules also contain water which protects the bacteria against desiccation.

poly-D-glutamic acid Virulence


Bacillus anthracis. factors
Phagocytosis
peptidoglycan.
Polysaccharide
Sugar Amino acid
Streptococcus pyogenes
synthesizes a hyaluronic
acid capsule (G+ve)

Bacillus megaterium
It is a gel-like matrix composed of
water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes and
contains cell structures such as
ribosomes, a chromosome, and
plasmids.

That’s features that distinguish a bacterial cell from a eukaryotic


cell
Some bacteria have an additional layer
outside of the cell wall called the Glycocalyx.
• Flagella
• Monotrichous
• Lophotrichous
• Amphitrichous
• Peritrichous
Reproduction in Bacteria
• Reproduction occurs through binary fission

Exchange genetic material among one another in a process known as


horizontal gene transfer.
• Fimbriae are responsible for the attachment of the cell to its
substrate whereas pili are responsible for the attachment and
horizontal gene transfer during bacterial conjugation.
• Slime layer
• Glycoprotein molecules are loosely associated with the cell wall.
• Bacteria that are covered with this loose shield are protected from
dehydration and loss of nutrients.

• Pili are responsible for virulence in the pathogenic strains of


many bacteria, including E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, and many strains of
Streptococcus
• Pilus-like structures were first detected in the Gram-positive
species Corynebacterium renale, in the late 1960s.
• Capsule

• The glycocalyx is considered a capsule when the polysaccharides are


more firmly attached to the cell wall.
• Capsules have a gummy, sticky consistency and provide protection
as well as adhesion to solid surfaces and to nutrients in the
environment
• Bacteria that possess capsules are considered to be encapsulated,
and generally have greater pathogenicity (ability to cause disease)
because capsules protect bacteria, even from phagocytic white
blood cells of the immune system. The adhesive power of capsules is
also a major factor in the initiation of some bacterial diseases.

You might also like