Dept.

of Electrical & Computer

Engineering
North South University

Lecture – 10
Power-Flow Solutions using
Circle Diagram Technique
Dr. Hafiz Abdur Rahman, P.Eng. SMIEEE
Professor
Electrical and Computer Engineering
North South University, Bangladesh

November 21, 2022

1
Main Problem in Power System
 The challenge is to deliver electrical energy from generator to load,
maintaining power quality
 We want 220v in all houses (among all parameters of power quality,
voltage aspect is the most important)
 We can not achieve this objective exactly. But we can keep the deviation
within a tolerance (required by law) of :
220 V ± 5%

2
Voltage Drop in High Voltage System
 High Voltage Systems ( > 10 KV)
X / R > 5 (higher the voltage, the higher this
ratio)
 To visualize voltage drop in HV system, we
assume X/R → ∞
=> we only consider X in HV system
 For this system:
V1 = V2 + jXI, where jXI = ΔV
 Here, V1 is mostly different from V2 in
angle, not in magnitude
 If V2 = V2∠0, then V1 = V1∠δ
 Here δ is the power angle at the source
(voltage angular difference between sending
side and receiving side), and θ is the power
factor angle (impedance angle) at the load. It
is very important to remember: δ ≠ θ
 If p.f. = 0 (i.e. θ = 90), that means load does
not consume any energy (i.e. all energy is
bounced back), which is bad and power
companies do not like that.

3
Voltage Drop in Low Voltage System

 Low Voltage Systems ( < 1 KV )

R/X→∞
=> we only consider R in LV system
 For this system:
V1 = V2 + RI, where RI = ΔV
 Here, V1 is mostly different from V2 in
magnitude, not in angle
 If V2 = V2∠0, then V1 = V1∠0
 If p.f. = 1.0 (i.e. θ = 0), that means load
consumes all energy (i.e. no energy is
bounced back), which power
companies prefer.

4
Power Transmission Circle Diagram
 Circle Diagram is a common visualization tool used in the power system control
centers.
 We use the model of a High Voltage short transmission line for this analysis. The
Circle Diagram model is explained below:

We know, complex power:

S V I * V V I    I VI V   I (here, V and I are RMS values)
VI cos  Z  jVI sin  Z ( V   I  Z )
P  jQ

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Power Transmission Circle Diagram
(Cont.)
We want to relate the voltages at different points in the line to
the complex power flowing to the load:
*
V  V 
S2 V2 I * V2 x  1 2 
 jX 
 V1*  V *2  * *
V2  * 
where, ( jX )  ( X 90) X   90
 ( jX ) 
We assume, V2 V2 0 V2 and V1 V1 , then:
V2V1   V22
S2   (  1 1180 1  180)
X   90 X   90
V22 V1V2
   90  90  
X X

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Power Transmission Circle Diagram
(Cont.)

V22 V1V2
S 2    90  90  
X X
----------------- ---------------------
Vector 1 Vector 2

 Here, P2 = |V2| |I2| cos θz

and Q2 = |V2| |I2| sin θz

 This diagram is similar to Fig 6.11,

Pg – 217, G&S. But, the text book
uses State-Space model. Our
technique uses conventional
parameters.

7
Circle Diagram Example
 For the following power transmission system:
 Given, system’s base power: 50 MVA, voltage base of the transmission line: 115 kV.
Generator can adjust bus voltage at the desired value at the sending end (S). A load
connected at the receiving end (R) consumes P+ jQ power. For all operating states, it is
desired to maintain the receiving end voltage at V R =1.0 ∠0 pu.

Using circle diagram answer the following questions:

a. Operating state 1: PR = 0.31 pu; pf = 0.9 lagging. Determine E f and δ
b. Operating state 2: Maintain the load power factor at the value of state 1, but increase
load’s real power PR = 0.88 pu. Determine new Ef and δ
c. Operating state 3: The load remains the same as in the state 2. But it is desired to bring
down the sending end voltage (S) to the value of the state 1, through necessary changes at
the receiving end.

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Circle Diagram Example (cont.)
 For the given system: Es = Ef (voltage generated by the rotating field)
 Generator:
Xd-sat = 1/SCR (where, Xd-sat → generator’s internal reactance, and SCR → Short Circuit Ratio)
So, Xd-sat = 1/0.74 = 1.36 pu (on the device base of the generator)
Xd-sat (pu) = 1.36 x 50/60 x (13.8/13.2) 2 = 1.14 pu

 Step-up Transformer:
XT1 (pu) = 0.1 x 50/70 x (122/115)2 = 0.0738 pu

 Transmission line:
X = 0.5 Ω/KM x 70 KM = 35 Ω
Xline (pu) = 35 Ω / ((115/√3)2 / 50/3) = 0.1215 pu

 Step-down Transformer:
XT2 (pu) = 0.8 x 50/65 x (113/115)2 = 0.0595 pu

 Total impedance from S to R:

jX = j(1.14 + 0.0738 + 0.1215 + 0.0595) = j1.39 pu

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Circle Diagram Example (cont.)

 Operating State 1

Given, P = 0.31 pu and p.f. = 0.9 lagging. Find Ef and δ

We want find these values through Circle Diagram. So, how to draw this
Circle Diagram? What is the next step ?

We have, cos θ = 0.9; θ = cos-1 (0.9) = 25.80

Now, tan θ = Q / P; Q = P tan θ; Q = 0.31 x tan 25.8 = 0.15

10
Circle Diagram Example (cont.)
 Here, VR2/X = 1/1.39 = 0.72
 tan δ = PR / (VR2/X + QR) = 0.31 / (0.72 + 0.15)
= 0.3563
δ = tan (0.3563) = 19.60
-1

 sin δ = PR / h1; h1 = PR / sin δ = 0.31 / 0.3354

h1 = 0.92
 Another way to find h1 is to use Pythagoras theorem
(h1)2 = PR2 + (VR2/X + Q)2
(h1)2 = (0.31)2 + (0.72 + 0.15)2 = 0.853
h1 = 0.92
 Now, h1 = EfVR / X, then Ef = h1X / VR
Ef = 0.92 x 1.39 / 1.0 = 1.28 p.u.

 Hence the answers : Ef = 1.28 p.u. and δ = 19.60

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Circle Diagram Example (cont.)
 Operating State 2
 Given, PR is increase to PR2 = 0.88 pu, but p.f.
remain same (i.e. θ = 25.80). What is new Ef2
and δ2 ?

 QR2 = PR2 tan θ = 0.88 x 0.48 = 0.42

 tan δ2 = PR2 / (VR2/X + Q) = 0.88 / (0.72 + 0.42)
tan δ2 = 0.77;
δ2 = tan-1 0.77 = 37.70
 h2 = PR2 / sin δ = 0.88 / sin 37.7 = 1.439
 Ef2 = h2X / VR = 1.439 x 1.39 / 1.0 = 2.0 pu

 Hence we have Ef2 = 2.0 p.u. and δ2= 37.70

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Circle Diagram Example (cont.)
 Operating State 3

 At Op 2, Ef2 is too high

 So, we have to bring down Ef2 from Op 2 to
the level of Op 1, but the power delivered
to the load has to be the same as Op 2. It
can be achieved by connecting capacitors
in parallel with the load. This moves the Op
2 to Op 3 as shown in the figure.
 We need to find the size of the capacitor
connected to each phase. To find the
rating of the capacitors, we need to find
the power QC provided by the capacitors.

 From this given picture:

h3 = h1 = Ef1VR / X = 1.28 x 1.0 / 1.39 = 0.92

13
Circle Diagram Example (cont.)

 From the previous picture, we have:

QC + QX = QL2 + VR2/X
QC = QL2 + VR2/X – QX

 Now, QX2 = h32 – PL22 ; => QX2 = (0.92)2 – (0.88)2 = 0.0729

QX = 0.27

 QC = QL2 + VR2/X – QX = 0.42 + 0.72 – 0.27 = 0.87 pu = 0.87 x 50 MVar = 43.5 MVar

 QPN = 43.5 / 3 MVar = 14.5 MVar

14
Circle Diagram Example (cont.)
Now,
2 2
Vcap Vcap
QPN   2
VPN C
XC 1
C
Q
 C  2PN
VPN 
Now, at the load point:
64
Vbase 115 kV x 65.13 kV
113
65.13
VPN  37.6 kV
3
Q 14.5
Hence, C  PN2  27.2  F
 VPN 2 x 60 x 37.6 2

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Any Question ?

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