Computer

Communication &
Networks
FAWAD NASEER
What is internet ?

Internet is a
Network of
Networks
Basic Building Block: Nodes, Links

 Simplest example: 2 nodes

• Sender changes voltage,
frequency, …
• Or maybe it is optical or wireless?
 But receiver must “understand”
sender – protocols
• More on this later
 Okay… what about more nodes?
• How about a million?
History

 Networks Have Been Around for a Long time!

 Courier: physical transport of the message
• Messenger pigeons, pony express, FedEx
• Telegraph: message is transmitted across a
network using signals – much faster!
• Drums, beacons, mirrors, smoke, flags,
• Light, electricity
Electric Telegraph Networks
Bell’s Telephone
Links and Switches in
Early Telephone Networks
And Some More Examples …

 • Television network
• Over the air
• Cable TV
• Satellite
• Radio broadcast
• Many private networks
• E.g., for first responders, military, ..
What Do All These Networks
Have in Common?
 They are designed for a single application!

 How about the Internet??????????????????????????????????

Internet

 Its for Connectivity of different larger networks

What about the Internet

 An inter-net: a network of
networks.
• Networks are connected using routers and other devices, e.g.,
for security, accounting, …
• Networks can use diverse technologies
• Typically managed by different organization
 The Internet: the interconnected set of networks of the
Internet
Service Providers (ISPs)
• About ~23,000 “transit” ISPs make up the Internet
• Many more “edge” networks
What is the
Objective of the Internet?
 • Enable communication between diverse applications on
diverse devices …
• Web, peer-to-peer, video streaming, distributed processing,
transactions, map-reduce, video and audio conferencing, …
• … over very diverse infrastructures
• The “Internet”, WiFi and cellular, data center networks,
corporate
networks, dedicated private networks, …
• In contrast: previous networks were special purpose and
fairly homogeneous in terms of technology
• The Internet is an “engineered system”
• Many design choices – the focus of the course!
• Must understand the requirements – but they change over
time!
Network Devices
Networks Juggle Many Goals

 Support rich set of applications

 Efficiency – resource use, cost
 The “ilities”:
• Evolvability
• Managability
• Security (securability, if you must)
• Scalability
• Ease of:
• Deployment, managability
• Creating useful applications
What’s the Internet: “nuts and
bolts” view 1-16

mobile network
 Internet: “network of networks”
 Interconnected ISPs global ISP
 Interconnected layer-2 and layer-3
networks
home
 protocols control sending, network
receiving of msgs regional ISP

 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11

 Internet standards
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
institutional
network

Introductio
n
What’s a protocol? 1-17

human protocols: network protocols:

Introduction
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
humans
 “I have a question”
 all communication
 introductions activity in Internet
governed by protocols
… specific msgs sent
protocols define
… specific actions
taken when msgs format, order of
received, or other msgs sent and
events received among
network entities,
and actions taken on
What’s a protocol? 1-18

a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Introduction
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human
protocols?
A closer look at network 1-19

structure:
 network edge: mobile network

Introduction
 hosts: clients and servers
 servers often in data centers global ISP

home
 access networks, network
regional ISP
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication
links
 network core:
 interconnected
routers institutional
 network of network

networks
Access networks and physical
media
1-20

Q: How to connect end systems to

Introduction
edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school,
company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
 shared or dedicated?
 Important: How sharing is
done.
Access net: digital subscriber
1-21
line (DSL)
central office

Introduction
telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

 data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
 voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically <
1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically
< 10 Mbps)
 Access net: cable
network 1-22

cable headend

Introduction
…

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
Access net: cable
network 1-23

cable headend

Introduction
…

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream
transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream
transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP
router
 homes share access network to cable headend
 Access net: home
network 1-24

wireless

Introduction
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)
Enterprise access networks 1-25

(Ethernet)

Introduction
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

 typically used in companies, universities, etc

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch
Wireless access networks
1-26

 shared wireless access network connects end system to router

Introduction
 via base station aka “access point”

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

 within building (100 ft)  provided by telco (cellular)
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 operator, 10’s km
Mbps transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet
Host: sends packets of data 1-27

host sending function:

 takes application message
 breaks into smaller two packets,
chunks, known as packets, L bits each
of length L bits
 transmits packet into
access network at 2 1
transmission rate R
R: link transmission rate
 link transmission rate, aka link host
capacity, aka link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Physical media 1-28

Introduction
 bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver
pairs twisted pair (TP)
 physical link: what lies
 two insulated copper
between transmitter & wires
receiver  Category 5: 100
Mbps, 1 Gpbs
 guided media: Ethernet
 signals propagate in solid  Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
 signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Physical media: coax, fiber
1-29

coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:

Introduction
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
 high-speed operation:
 bidirectional  high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-
 broadband: 100’s Gpbs transmission
 multiple channels on rate)
cable  low error rate:

 repeaters spaced far
HFC
apart
 immune to
electromagnetic noise
Physical media: radio
1-30

 signal carried in radio link types:

Introduction
electromagnetic  terrestrial microwave
 e.g. up to 45 Mbps
spectrum channels
 no physical “wire”  LAN (e.g., WiFi)
 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
 bidirectional  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
 propagation  3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
environment effects:  satellite
 reflection  Kbps to 45Mbps channel
(or multiple smaller
 obstruction by objects channels)
 interference  270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low
altitude
The network core 1-31

Introduction
 mesh of interconnected
routers
 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
 forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source to
destination
 each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Packet-switching: store-and- 1-32

forward

Introduction
L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 takes L/R seconds to one-hop numerical

transmit (push out) L- example:
bit packet into link at R  L = 7.5 Mbits
bps  R = 1.5 Mbps
 store and forward:  one-hop transmission
entire packet must delay = 5 sec
 end-end delay = 2L/R
arrive at router before
(assuming zero more on delay shortly …
it can be transmitted
propagation delay)
Packet Switching: queueing delay,
loss 1-33

Introduction
R = 100 Mb/s
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:

 If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds
transmission rate of link for a period of time:
 packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on
link
 packets can be dropped (lost) if memory
(buffer) fills up
Two key network-core functions 4-34

routing: determines forwarding: move packets

Network Layer
source-destination route from router’s input to
taken by packets appropriate router output
 routing algorithms

routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
1
011

dest address in arriving

packet’s header
Alternative core: circuit 1-35

switching
end-end resources allocated to,

Introduction
reserved for “call” between source &
dest:
 In diagram, each link has four
circuits.
 call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st
circuit in right link.
 dedicated resources: no
sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
 circuit segment idle if not used
by call (no sharing)
 Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks
Circuit switching: FDM versus
TDM 1-36

Example:

Introduction
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
History
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

 When did it start?

Packet switching versus circuit
switching
1-38

packet switching allows more users to use network!

Introduction
example:
 1 Mb/s link
N

…..
 each user: users
• 100 kb/s when “active” 1 Mbps link
• active 10% of time

 circuit-switching:

 10 users
Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
 packet switching: Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
 with 35 users, probability
> 10 active at same time
is out
* Check lessthethan .0004 *exercises for more examples
online interactive
Packet switching versus circuit
switching 1-39

is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”

Introduction
 great for bursty data
 resource sharing
 simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion possible: packet delay and
loss
 protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
 bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
 still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit
switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-
switching)?
Internet structure: network of
networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs
(Internet Service Providers)
 Residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
 So that any two hosts can send packets to
each other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
 Evolution was driven by economics and
national policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe
current Internet structure
Internet structure: network of
networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to
connect them together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP

…

…
to each other directly doesn’t

…
access access
…

net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access

…
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit
ISP? Customer and provider ISPs have economic
agreement.
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors ….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…

…
access access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors …. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
access access

access
… net net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect
access nets to ISPS

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google,
Microsoft, Akamai ) may run their own network, to
bring services, content close to end users
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP B
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
 Internet structure: network of
networks
1-48

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

Introduction
IXP IXP IXP

Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

 at center: small # of well-connected large networks

 “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT),
national & international coverage
 content provider network (e.g, Google): private network
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
1-49

Introduction
POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering
… …

…
…

…
to/from customers
Optimizing Performance

 Intuitively: lots of bandwidth!

• But not really: there is no free bandwidth
 But there is more to it:
• Latency is often more critical!
• For voice and video – can I offer guarantees?
• Can I beat the speed of light?
 Hint: this can make you rich
• Why did we use peer to peer networks?
• And why did they (mostly) go away?
IP Everywhere

 • Using IP technology has become attractive

Cheap commodity hardware, lots of tools, people trained in the
technology, end-to-end support, …
 The (public) Internet: our focus
• How do you optimize “the web”: CDNs, caching, …
 Data centers: very special requirements
• Map-reduce, 3-tier business apps, load balancing,
 IP TV, voice/video conferencing:
• Very high QoE expectations
 Wireless and mobile apps
• For many users, primary way of accessing Internet
 Residential networking