WHOLE

NUMBERS
Anywhere, everyday, we always use numbers in
counting and computations. How many numbers
do you use in counting? What are these
numbers? Have you experienced any difficulty in
reading, writing, and rounding off whole
numbers?
READING & WRITING WHOLE NUMBERS

Whole numbers are numbers used from

counting like 1, 2, 3, 4, … and the number 0.

In writing whole numbers, remember the

following:
1. The decimal point is your guide.
2. The value of the digit is to be multiplied by
the place value. Add the results of the
products.
READING & WRITING WHOLE NUMBERS

Examples:
Write the following words as numerals.
1. Nine thousand, one hundred ninety-one
2. Fifty thousand, two hundred ninety
3. Three hundred eighteen thousand, nine
hundred fifty
READING & WRITING WHOLE NUMBERS

Examples:
Write the following numerals in words.
1. 158
2. 1 906
3. 350 244
ROUNDING OFF WHOLE NUMBERS

To round off a given number means to find

another number close to the given number. The
desired place of accuracy must be stated.
Here are the rules in rounding off whole
numbers:
1. Identify the place of desired accuracy.
2. Look at the digit to the right of the digit that
is in the desired place of accuracy.
3. If the digit is 5 or greater, add 1 to the digit in
the desired place accuracy and replace all the
digits to the right with zeros.
4. If the digit is less than 5, leave the digit that is
in the place of the desired accuracy as it is,
and replace all the digits to the right with
zeros.
ROUNDING OFF WHOLE NUMBERS

Examples:
1. Round 74 to the nearest ten.
2. Round 5,282 to the nearest hundred.
3. Round 2, 451, 732 to the nearest hundred
thousand.
OPERATIONS WITH WHOLE NUMBERS

ADDITION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

1. When adding large numbers or several
numbers, be sure to keep the digits aligned in
column, so you will be adding units to units, tens
to tens, and so on. Remember that the only
digits with the same place value are added.
2. Start adding the digits from right to left.
3. If the sum of the digits in one column is less
than 10, write down the sum in line with the
numbers in that column.
4. If the sum of the digits in one column is more
than 9, write the one digit in the column and
carry the other digit to the column on the left,
and so on, until the sum of the numbers have
been determined.
Addition of whole numbers
Add the following numerals:
1. 3,005 + 63 + 115
2. 284,002 + 1,650,030 + 10, 488
PROPERTIES OF ADDITION
1. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
If the order of the addends is changed, the
sum remains the same.
Example:
11 + 45 = 56 5 + 6 + 9 = 20
45 + 11 = 56 6 + 5 + 9 = 20
9 + 5 + 6 = 20
2. IDENTITY PROPERTY
If one of the addends is zero, the sum is
equal to the other addend.
Examples: 78 + 0 = 78 88 + 0 = 88
0 + 78 = 78 0 + 88 = 88
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
If the grouping of the addends is changed,
the sum remains the same.
Examples: 8 + (9 + 7) = 24 (8 + 9) + 7 = 24
8 + 16 = 24 17 + 7 = 24
SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

1. Arrange the digits in column so that you can

subtract ones from ones, tens from tens, and
so on. Start subtracting from the right side
going to the left. Remember that you can
subtract digits that have the same place
value.
2. In case you are subtracting a bigger number
from a smaller number, you can apply the
procedure of borrowing.
Subtraction of whole numbers
Add the following numerals:
1. 174, 308 – 38, 917
2. 1, 000, 400 – 536, 124
MULTIPLICATION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Multiplication is repeated addition. Several

symbols can be used to indicate
multiplication. For instance, the following
expressions are equivalent.

3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 5 x 3 = 15
5(3) = 15
In multiplication, the numbers being multiplied
are both called factors, and the result of
multiplication is called the product.
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION
1. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
If the order of the factors is changed, the
product remains the same.
Examples: 9 x 8 = 72 5 x 6 x 9 = 270
8 x 9 = 72 6 x 9 x 5 = 270
2. IDENTITY PROPERTY
If one factor is 1, the product is equal to the
other factor.
Examples: 8x1=8 7x1=7
1 x 12 = 12 1x9=9
3. PROPERTY OF ZERO
If one factor is 0, the product is 0.
Examples: 0 x 9 = 0 0 x 12 = 0
12 x 0 = 0 1234 x 0 = 0
4. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
If the grouping of the factors is changed, then
the product remains the same.
Examples: (4 x 3) x 9 = 108 2 x (4 x 5) =
40
12 x 9 = 108 2 x 20 = 40

4 x (3 x 9) = 108 (2 x 4) x 5 =
40
4 x 27 = 108 8 x 5 = 40
5. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
If one factor is a sum, multiplying each
addend by the other factor before adding
does not change the product.
Examples: 3 x (6 + 4) = (3 x 6) + (3 x 4)
3 x 10 = 18 + 12
30 = 30
MULTIPLYING BY A POWER OF 10
To multiply a number
 By 10, write 0 to the right of the number
 By 100, write 00 to the right of the number
 By 1, 000, write 000 to the right of the
number
 By 10, 000, write 0000 to the right of the
number
Multiplication of whole numbers
Add the following numerals:
1. 1, 084 x 8
2. 13, 211 x 21
3. 1, 000, 000 x 13
4. 2,500 x 20
DIVISION OF WHOLE NUMBERS
Division is the inverse of multiplication.
Dividend is the number being divided.
Divisor is one of the factors doing the dividing.
Quotient is the result of division.
DIVISIBILITY TESTS
FOR 2: If the last digit (units digit) of a whole
number is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8, then the whole
number is divisible by 2.
Examples:
140 is divisible by 2 since the units digit is 0.
1362 is divisible by 2 since the units digit is 2.
1284 is divisible by 2 since the units digit is 4.
1108 is divisible by 2 since the units digit is 8.
FOR 3: If the sum of the digits of a whole
number is divisible by 3, then the whole
number is divisible by 3.
Examples:
1002 is divisible by 3 since 1 + 0 + 0 + 2 = 3, and
3 is divisible by 3.
354 is divisible by 3 since 3 + 5 + 4 = 12, and 12
is divisible by 3.
19,023 is divisible by 3 since 1 + 9 + 0 + 2 + 3 =
15, and 15 is divisible by 3.
FOR 4: If the last two digits is divisible by 4, then
the whole number is divisible by 4.
Examples:
34,216 is divisible by 4 since 16, the last two
digits is divisible by 4.
20,036 is divisible by 4 since 36, the last two
digits is divisible by 4.
92,624 is divisible by 4 since 24, the last two
digits is divisible by 4.
FOR 5: A whole number is divisible by 5 if the
last digit is either 0 or 5.
Examples:
3, 000 is divisible by 5 since 0 is the unit’s digit.
2, 555 is divisible by 5 since 5 is the unit’s digit.

For 6: A whole number is divisible by 6 if the

whole number is divisible by 2 and 3.
Examples:
300 is divisible by 6 because 300 is divisible by 2
and 3.
FOR 7: The difference between twice the
unit digit of the given number and
the remaining part of the given
number should be a multiple of 7 or
it should be equal to 0.
Example: 2401 is divisible by 7.
a. Twice the unit digit: 2(1) = 2
b. Remaining part: 240
c. Difference of a and b: 240 – 2 = 238, is
divisible by 7.
Therefore 2,401 is divisible by 7.
FOR 7: A number such as abcde is divisible by 7
if (abcd-2e) is divisible by 7.
Example: Test 315 for divisible by 7.
Procedure:
a. Find 2e, 2e = 2(5) = 10
b. Find cd, cd = 31
c. Subtract 2e from cd, we have 31 – 10 = 21
d. Since 21 is divisible by 7 then 315 is divisible
by 7.
FOR 8: A whole number is divisible by 8 if the
last three digits is divisible by 8.

Examples: 31, 240 is divisible by 8 since 240

(the last three digits) is divisible by 8.
12, 800 is divisible by 8 since 800
is divisible by 8.
FOR 9: A whole number is divisible by 9 if the
sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
Example: 900 is divisible by 9 since 9 + 0 + 0
= 9 and 9 is divisible by 9.

For 10: A whole number is divisible by 10 if the

last digit (units digit) is 0.
Examples: 350 is divisible by 10 since the units
digit is 0.
40, 000 is divisible by 10 since the
units digit is 0.
PRIME & COMPOSITE NUMBERS
A prime number is a number with only 2 factors,
1 and itself. Take note that 1 is not a prime
number.

A composite number is a number with more

than two different factors.
PRIME FACTORIZATION
Disregarding the order of the factors, a
composite number can be expressed as a
product of prime factors. Every composite
number has exactly one prime factorization.
This is called the fundamental theorem of
arithmetic.
PRIME FACTORIZATION
Example:

1. 36 =
2. 81 =
3. 144 =
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE
The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of a set of
counting numbers is the smallest number
common to all sets of multiple of the given
numbers. It is the smallest possible number that
can be divided exactly by all the given numbers.
Techniques in finding the LCM:
1. Find the prime factorization of each number.
2. List each factor according to the number of
times it appears.
3. Find their product.
Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Example:

1. Find the LCM of the following numbers: 2, 4,

and 6
2. Find the LCM of the numbers 4, 6, and 9.
GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
The Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of two or
more numbers is the largest common factor that
can divide exactly the given numbers.
Techniques of finding the GCF:
1. Find the prime factorization of each number.
2. Find the prime factors common to all the
prime factors.
3. Get the product of the common factors.
4. This product is the GCF.
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
Example:

1. Find the GCF of the following numbers: 9, 12,

and 36.
2. Find the GCF of the numbers 24, 32, and 48.
SQUARES & SQUARE ROOTS
Square is the result of multiplying a number by
itself.

Perfect Square is a whole number resulting from

multiplying a number by itself and whose square
root is exact.
Any positive number has a positive and negative
square root. The positive root is called the
principal root of a number.

Radical sign is the square root symbol. (√)

Radicand is the number inside the radical sign.
Steps in extracting the square root:
1. Starting from the decimal point, divide the
given number into periods. Each period
contains two digits.
2. Find the greatest square integer in the period
at the extreme left. Write the square root.
Subtract the square itself from the leftmost
period. Then annex the digits of the next
period to the remainder.
3. Multiply the last digit of the left-hand number
by 2, put it to the left of the difference you just
calculated, and leave an empty decimal place
next to it.
4. Find the largest number to put in this blank
decimal place such that number, times the
number already there plus the decimal place,
will be less than the current difference. Put this
number in the blank you left, and in the next
decimal place on the result row on the top.
5. Now subtract the product you just found.
6. Take the number in the left column, and
double the last digit. Copy this below in the left
column, and leave a blank space next to it. Also,
bring down the next digit pair on the right.
7. now, find the largest digit.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
A number is written in scientific notation when
it is expressed as the product of a number
between 1 and 10 and an integral power of 10.
Steps in Writing any Number in Scientific
Notation:
1. Round the number to the desired place of
accuracy, usually three to four significant
digits.
2. Place a decimal point so that there is exactly
one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal
point.
3. Find the exponent of 10.