AGRICULTURE

The art and science of cultivating soil, raising

Agriculture
crops and rearing livestock including fishing
and forest is called agriculture
 • Small patches of land with the help of primitive
tools like hoe, Dao and digging sticks and
family/community labor
• Farming depends upon monsoon , natural fertility
of the soil and suitability of other environmental
conditions
PRIMITIVE • It is slash and burn agriculture
SUBSISTENCE • Farmers do not use manure, fertilisers or other
FARMING modern inputs
• It is known by different names in different parts if
the country
• Jhumming – Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram ,
Nagaland
• Pamlou – Manipur
• Dipa - Bastar
INTENSIVE
SUBSISTENCE FARMING

• Fields are very small

• There is intensive use of land due to high
pressure of population on the agricultural
land
• Cropping pattern is dominated by food
crops
• More than one crop is grown on the same
field
• Farmers apply modern inputs to obtain
high yield
• It is labour intensive farming
COMMERCIAL
FARMING

• Use of higher doses of

modern inputs like HYV
seeds , chemical fertilisers,
insecticides and pesticides
• The degree of
commercialization of
agriculture varies from one
region to another
 PLANTATION
FARMING

• It is also a type of commercial farming

• A single crop is grown on a large area
• It has an interface of agriculture and
industry
• It is done over large tracts of land using
capital intensive inputs
• Example – Tea Coffee, Rubber,
Sugarcane, Banana etc.
 AGRICULTURAL SEASONS /
CROPPING PATTERN
CROPPING SOWN HARVEST AREAS CROPS
SEASON

RABI CROPS OCT - DEC APR – JUNE Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram
Jammu and Kashmir etc. and Mustard

KHARIF ONSET OF SEP – OCT West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Rice, Maize, Johar, Bajra ,
CROPS MONSOON Odisha, Telangana, Maharashtra, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut etc.
Tamil Nadu, Kerala etc.

ZAID CROPS MAR – APR JUNE – JULY Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Watermelon, Muskmelon,
Punjab Cucumber, Vegetables etc
Grains
CROPSFood crops other than grains Non Food Crops

• Rice • Oilseeds • Rubber

• Wheat • Tea • Cotton
• Millets • Coffee • Jute
• Maize • Sugarcane
• Pulses • Horticulture crops
 Grains

GRAINS SOIL TEMPERATURE AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES Cropping

PRODUCTION Season

Rice Alluvial Above 25° C Punjab, Western Above • Second largest producer of rice after China Kharif
soil Uttar Pradesh, 100cm • Rice is grown in the plains of north and
Haryana, Parts north eastern India , Coastal areas and
of Rajasthan deltaic regions.
GRAINS SOIL TEMPERATURE AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPPIN
PRODUCTION G
SEASON

Wheat • Well drained Fertile 24°C monthly Punjab, 50 cm – Main food in north and Rabi
soil, heavy textured soil 10°C to 15°C – Haryana, Uttar 75 cm north western parts of
with some amount of growing season Pradesh , country
lime 25°C – 28° C – Madhya It requires a cool
• Clayey, loamy soil of Ripening Pradesh, Bihar growing season and
Ganga Plain and Rajasthan bright sunlight at time
• Black soil of Deccan of Ripening
Plateau
GRAINS SOIL TEMPERATURE AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPP
PRODUCTION -ING
SEASON

Millets

a) Variety of Between 25°C Third food crop

Jowar soil – 32°C Maharashtra, of India
including Karnataka, Andhra Rain fed crop Kharif
Black, Pradesh, Madhya Low which can be
Clayey and Pradesh etc rainfall grown in arid
Sandy areas

b) Sandy and 20°C – 30° C Rajasthan, Uttar 40cm – Dry crop Kharif
Bajra shallow Pradesh, Maharashtra, 50cm
black soil Gujarat, Haryana, etc.
Grains SOIL TEMPERATUR AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPPING
E PRODUCTION SEASON

Ragi Red, Black, 20°C – 30° C Karnataka, Tamil 50cm – Rich in iron, Kharif
Sandy, loamy, Nadu, Himachal 100cm calcium and
Shallow black Pradesh, Uttarakhand, roughage
soil Sikkim etc.
 CROPP
AREAS OF -ING
GRAINS SOIL TEMPERATURE PRODUCTION RAINFALL FEATURES SEASON
Maize Old Alluvial Soil 21°C – 27° C Karnataka, Uttar 50cm – • Coarse grain Kharif
Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra 100cm • Food and fodder crop
Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Telangana
Pulses Usually grown in Survive even in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Need less • Being leguminous Any
rotation with dry condition Pradesh, Rajasthan, moisture crop, all these crops
other crops, so Maharashtra, Karnataka except arhar help in
that soil can restoring soil fertility
regain its fertility by fixing nitrogen
from air
• Tur, Urad, Moong-
Kharif crop
• Masur, Peas, Gram –
Rabi crop
 OTHER THAN GRAINS
OTHER SOIL TEMPERATURE AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPP
THAN PRODUCT -ING
GRAINS -ION SEASON

Sugar Black 21°C - 27°C Uttar Pradesh, 75cm – • Second largest Kharif
- cane Alluvial, Bihar, 100cm producer of
loamy and Punjab, Sugarcane only after
reddish loam Haryana, Brazil
Maharashtra,
Karnataka etc. • Main source of
sugar , gur,
khandsari, molasses
 CROPP
OTHER THAN AREAS OF -ING
GRAINS SOIL TEMPERATURE PRODUCTION RAINFALL FEATURES SEASON
Oilseeds Red 20°C – 30 ° C Gujarat, 50cm -75 • In 2018, Second Kharif
a) Groundnut soil Andhra Pradesh cm largest producer
etc. after China
b) Linseed and Loams • India was the third Rabi
Mustard - largest producer of
Heavie Mustard seeds in
r world after Canada
and China
Sesamum ( kharif
crop in North & Rabi
crop in South

Castor – Both Rabi

and kharif crop
OTHER SOIL TEMPERATURE AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPP
THAN PRODUCTION -ING
GRAINS SEASON

Beverages Light 20°C – 30°C Assam, hills of 150cm – • It require Annual

Tea loamy Ideal darjeeling and Jalpaiguri 250cm abundant cheap
soil temperature- 25° ( West Bengal) , Tamil and skilled
C Nadu, kerala, Himachal labor
Pradesh, Meghalaya etc. • Tea is processed
within the tea
garden to
restore its
freshness
OTHER SOIL TEMPERATURE AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPP
THAN PRODUCTIO -ING
GRAINS N SEASON

Coffee It grows well in 14°C – 26°C Nilgiri in 125cm – Arabica quality Zaid
deep, porous soil Karnataka, 250cm of Coffee grown
with high humus kerala and in India which
content, Grown Tamil Nadu was initially
on red, Laterite but brought from
soil introduced on Yemen
Baba Buden • Oldest
Hills plantation
crop in India
OTHER SOIL TEMPERATURE AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPPING
THAN PRODUCTION SEASON
GRAINS
Horticulture crops
Fruits • In 2018,
India was
the second
largest
producer of
fruits and
vegetables
in world
after China
Mangoes Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra
Oranges Nagpur and
Cherrapunji( Me
ghalaya)
OTHER SOIL TEMPERATUR AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPP
THAN E PRODUCTION -ING
GRAINS SEASON

Banana Kerala, Mizoram,

Tamil Nadu,

Lichi and Uttar Pradesh, Bihar

Guava
Grapes Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana

Apples, Jammu and

Pears, and Kashmir,
Telangana
Apricots
Pineapples Meghalaya
 NON FOOD CROPS
NON SOIL TEMPERATURE AREAS OF RAINFALL FEATURES CROPP
FOOD PRODUCTION -ING
CROP SEASON

Rubb Alluvia Above 25° C Kerala, Tamil 200cm – • It important industrial raw material Kharif
er l/ Nadu, Karnataka, 400cm • It is equatorial crop, but under
Laterite Andaman and special conditions, it is also grown
soil Nicobar Islandz in tropical and Sub tropical areas.
and Garo hills of
Himalayas
 CROPP-
NON ING
FOOD TEMPERAT AREAS OF SEASO
CROPS SOIL -URE PRODUCTION RAINFALL FEATURES N
Fibre Black soil 21°C -27°C Maharashtra, Gujarat, It requires One of the basic Kharif
Crops found in drier Andhra Pradesh, light rainfall raw material for
parts of Deccan Punjab, Haryana, cotton textile
1) Plateau Karnataka, Tamil industry
Cotton Alluvial soils Nadu, Madhya
of Ganga Satluj Pradesh, Uttar
Basin Pradesh, Telangana

2) Jute Well drained High West Bengal, Assam, Heavy • Known as Kharif
Fertile soil temperature is Odisha, Meghalaya rainfall of golden Fibre
required 150cm with
90% of • Used in
relative making
humidity gunny bags ,
nuts, ropes,
carpet etc.
 INSTITUTIONAL
REFORMS

• Collectivisation and consolidation of all the small

holdings
• Abolition of Zamindari system
• Various other land reforms like ceiling on land holdings
were introduced
• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood and
cyclone
• Establishment of Grameen banks and Co operative
societies and banks for providing loan to farmers
• Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident
Insurance Scheme ( PAIS) were also introduced by the
government.
TECHNOLOGICAL REFORMS

• Green Revolution in agriculture and white revolution in milk were introduced

• Tractors, harvesters, threshers and tube wells etc. and technological devices
were introduced
• For better production, fertilisers and pesticides were also produced
• The government also announced government support price which checks the
exploitation of farmers by speculators and middle men
 BHOODAN –
GRAMDAN

• Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as

his spiritual heir. He also participated in
Satyagraha as one of the foremost
satyagrahis.
• Once, when he was delivering a lecture at
Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some
poorlandless villagers demanded some land
for their economic well-being.
• Vinoba Bhave could not promise it to them
immediately but assured them to talk to the
Government of India regarding provision of
land for them if they undertook cooperative
farming.
• Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood
up and offered 80 acres of land to be
distributed among 80 land-less villagers.
This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’
• Later he travelled and introduced his ideas
widely all over India. Some zamindars,
owners of many villages offered to
distribute some villages among the
landless. It was known as Gramdan.