María P.

Miranda Neurology-
Rivera
Part 2
With thanks to
Analisa Pais
Spinal nerves
• 31 on each side of the vertebral
column
• Have sensory (afferent) and
motor (efferent) components
• Mixed nerve
• Emerge from spinal column
through openings vertebrae
Cranial nerves
The Cranial Nerves
 Cranial Nerves
• 12 pairs of nerves
• Emerge from cerebrum and brainstem
• Numbering based on order in which they emerge
from the brain, front to back (brainstem)
• Sensory, motor, both (mixed)
• Essential for SLTs!
Classification
• Sensory (special or not), motor, both (mixed)

• Sensory – carry sensory information regarding (e.g. touch,

pressure, vibration, temperature, pain)

• Special sensory – carry sensations of smell, sight, hearing,

or balance

• Motor - control movement and function of muscles, glands

Mnemonic Number Name Origination Function

Oh I (1) Olfactory Cerebrum Special sensory: smell

Once II (2) Optic Thalamus Special sensory: vision

One III (3) Oculomotor Midbrain Motor: eyeball movement; controls eyelid

Takes IV (4) Trochlear Midbrain Motor: eyeball movement and positioning

The V (5) Trigeminal Pons Motor: chewing muscles

Sensory: general sensation of face, mouth, anterior 2/3 tongue
Anatomy VI (6) Abducens Pons Motor: eyeball movement

Final VII (7) Facial Pons Motor: facial muscles

Special sensory: taste anterior 2/3 tongue
Parasympathetic: saliva and tear secretion

Very VIII (8) Vestibulocochlear Pons/ Special sensory: hearing and balance
(Auditory) Medulla
Good IX (9) Glossopharyngeal Medulla Motor: pharyngeal movement (swallowing)
Sensory: general sensation of pharynx, posterior 1/3 tongue
Special sensory: taste posterior 1/3 tongue
Parasympathetic: saliva secretion

Vacations X (10) Vagus Medulla Motor: soft palatal, pharyngeal, laryngeal muscles (swallowing)
Sensory: general sensation of pharynx, larynx
Special sensory: taste from epiglottis, pharynx
Parasympathetic: heart, lungs, digestive tract

Are XI (11) Accessory (Spinal Medulla Motor: neck and shoulder muscles
Accessory)
Heavenly XII (12) Hypoglossal Medulla Motor: tongue muscles

*Parasympathetic – part of the autonomic nervous system; conserves energy, ‘rest and digest’ responses
Mnemonics... a way to
memorise
Mnemonics
• Oh, Oh, Oh, They Travelled And Found Voldemort
Guarding Very Secret Horcruxes
• O! O! O! There’s The Abercrombie and Fitch. Very
Gorgeous and Very Adorable! Ha!
• Oh Oh Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, Ah
Heaven!
• Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good
Vacations Are Heavenly!
• Only One Option, Take The Anatomy Final Versus
Getting Very Slowly Hammered!
• Cranial Nerve Mnemonic video
• Make your own!
Cell recap
Cells of the nervous system
Two basic types of nervous system cells: neurons and glial (neuroglial) cells

(Rouse 2020)
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Nerve_tissue,_synapses,_and_neurotransmitters/
Nerve: Collection of nerve fibres

https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Nerve_tissue,_synapses,_and_neurotransmitters/
Neurons
• Specialised to carry “messages” throughout the body via an
electrochemical process
• Human brain has approximately 86 billion neurons
Neuron structure

Cell body (soma) – contains nucleus

-covered with a membrane

nerve fibres – projections from the cell body

Dendrites – short fibres extending from the cell body

(branching treelike structures)

Axon – long thin projection from the cell body.

-Wrapped in myelin sheath
-Has axon terminals/end buttons at tip

Myelin sheath- fatty material protecting nerve cell

-Allows fast transmission of electrical impulses

Nodes of Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath

-Facilitate rapid conduction of nerve impulse
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Nerve_tissue,_synapses,_and_neurotransmitters/
 Neurons by structure
• Number of extensions from the
neuron’s cell body (soma)

• Unipolar – 1 projection
• Bipolar – two projections (1 dendritic and 1
axonic)
• Multipolar – multiple projection from cell
body (most dendrites with 1 axon)

• How many projections are coming from

the cell body?
 Neurons by function
• Sensory (afferent) neurons
• Send impulses to CNS
• “Input neuron”

• Motor (efferent) neurons

• Conveys impulses from CNS
• “Output neuron”

• Interneurons
• Lie between sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways
• Most within the CNS
The dendrites – receive signals and transmits it to
the cell body

The axon – transmits information away from the cell

body.

Neurons respond to stimulation:

excitation- causing an increase in activity of the

tissues they innervate
or
inhibition- causing a reduction in activity

*Excitatory neurons are active when stimulated

*Inhibitory neurons decrease response when

stimulated
 Neuron function
• Communication (main role)
• Efferent communication (efferent – motor)
• “top-down”/ descending
• From brain to the body
• Afferent communication (afferent – sensory)
• “bottom-up”/ ascending
• From the body to the brain

• Two phases of communication

• Electrical phase – dendrites, soma, axon
• Chemical phase – synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters

• Thus, neuron communication is electrochemical

Electrical phase
Transmission of information
• Resting cell – cell that is not excited (polarised)

• Difference in charge across its membrane

• More negative on the inside than outside
• Due to differences in sodium and potassium ion concentrations inside and
outside the cell
• Resting membrane potential: -70mV known as the POLARISED STATE
 Depolarisation
• Reduction in the membrane potential
• inside becomes more positive than outside
• Caused when neurotransmitters from presynpatic neuron attach to
postsynaptic neuron
• An ACTION POTENTIAL, or nerve impulse, is a large but, brief
depolarisation signal
• It is an ALL or NOTHING phenomenon
• They are independent of stimulus strength
• strong stimuli cause action potentials to be generated more frequently but not with
greater amplitude
Repolarisation
• Restoring the resting potential of the membrane
– More negative on the inside than outside

• Resting membrane potential comes back to -70mV (POLARISED STATE)

Impulses
• Frequency of impulses gives information of strength of impulse
• Some neurones have lower threshold than others and respond to light
stimulus; others have high threshold and only respond to strong
stimulus
• Impulses are several hundred per second
Nerve impulse recap
Chemical phase
Synapses – gap between 2 neurons
Neurons are able to ‘connect with’ or synapse with other neurons.
This occurs at the synaptic buttons/ terminals. These contain vesicles with a neurotransmitter substance.

Neurotransmitter – chemical messenger that transmits messages from one neuron to the other
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Nor-adrenalin
Dopamine (in CNS)
Presynpatic neuron
Serotonin

Postsynaptic neuron
Neuron communication
Synaptic transmission recap
Summary of neuronal
communication and strengthening
of connections