PROPOSED 2-STOREY

RESIDENCE

FORMS, SCAFFOLDING
AND STAGING

Prepared by:

ENGR .PHEBY M. MOOG

OLFU QC CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY
Different Formwork Materials
 Different formwork materials and their advantages and
disadvantages are discussed below.
 Timber
 Plywood
 Steel
 Aluminum
 Plastics
 Magnesium
 Fabric
 Timber as Formwork Material
 Timber is the most used
material for formwork. Timber
logs, lumber etc. are used as
bracing members from ancient
times. So, the Timber formwork
is also called as traditional
formwork. It is most economical
material used for formwork.
This is used in sites as
formwork material for number
of years so, the method of
constructing timber framework
is well known to the workers.
Advantages
 Timber can be cut into any required size easily.
 Timber is light in weight, and it can be handled easily.
 Timber has good thermal resistance which prevents the
damage of concrete in colder regions.
 It is easy to understand the construction method of timber
formwork hence, skilled workers are not necessary.
 It is easy to replace the damaged parts of timber forms.
 Timber formwork can be easily dismantled.
Disadvantages
 Dry timber may absorb water from wet concrete which
result in the reduction of strength in concrete structure.
 Wet timber having high moisture content compress the wet
concrete and forms cracks in the structure and grout may
leaked through joints when shrinking occurs.
 Timber forms have limited usage. So, they cannot be useful
for more times.
 Plywood as Formwork Material
 Plywood which is a manufactured product of timber is also
used for formworks. It consists number of veneer sheets or
plies in layers. Now a days, the use of plywood formwork
increases especially for facing panels. The reason behind it is
that the plywood formwork provides smooth finish when
compared to normal timber formwork. Hence, finishing cost
may reduce by the use of plywood. For formwork, special type
of plywood called exterior plywood is used. The veneer sheets
of exterior plywood are bonded with strong adhesive to make it
watertight. The plywood boards are available in thicknesses
from 7mm to 32mm. In general, plywood of size 1220 x 2440
and 18mm thick boards are sufficient for most of the works.
For curved structures, special types of plywood with sufficient
thickness are also available
Advantages
 Plywood can also be cut into required size easily.
 Plywood Strong, durable and light in weight.
 Provides smooth finish on the surface.
 Very Large size plywood sheets are available which makes
the construction of formwork quicker and easier.
 Curved formworks can also be prepared using plywood.
 When compared to timber, it gives more number of reuses.
Disadvantages
 When compared to timber it is costly.
 Thin plywood sheets cannot sustain the weight of concrete
they may bow out if proper thickness is not provided.
 Steel as Formwork Material

 Steel can also be used

as formwork material. It
is very costly, but it can
be used for a greater
number of times than
others. They provides
excellent finish to the
concrete surfaces. For
mass strictures like
dams, bridges, etc. steel
from work is so strong
and safe.
Advantages
 Steel forms are durable and stronger.
 Provides uniform and smooth surface finish to the structure.
 Great reusability.
 Easy to fix the formwork and also easy to dismantle.
Disadvantages
 Cost is very much higher.
 It is heavy in weight and requires lifting equipment for large
structure formworks.
 Corrosion will occur when there is a frequent contact with
water.
 The size and shapes of forms available are limited.
 Aluminum as Formwork Material

 Aluminum formwork is
used often for pre-
fabricated formworks. It
is getting more popular
because of its light
weight and good
strength. It requires
fewer supports and ties.
Advantages
 Easy to fix and easy to dismantle.
 It can be handled easily because of its light weight.
 It can be re-used for many times.
 The walls and slabs of structures can be casted
simultaneously.
 Monolithic crack free structures can be built using
aluminum formwork.
Disadvantages
 When the load reaches its maximum limit, the lighter
sections may deflect.
 Architectural modifications are not possible when aluminum
formwork is used.
 Plastics as Formwork Material

 Plastic is another type of

formwork material which
is used for small concrete
structures or for complex
portions of the structure.
It is light in weight and
durable for long periods.
For complicated concrete
structures, Glass
reinforced plastics (GRP)
and vacuum formed
plastics are used.
Advantages
 Plastic is light in weight and can be easily handled.
 Formwork for complex shaped structures can be prepared
easily.
 Good resistant against water.
 The damaged plastic sheets can be recycled and useful to
make new sheets.
 Good quality plastic has great re-usability.
Disadvantages
 Plastic is weak against heat.
 It is costly material.
 It does not take much load when compared with others.
 Magnesium as Formwork Material

 Magnesium is another metal

element which is used for
formwork. Magnesium is not
directly used for formwork
and is used with the
combination of oxygen atoms
which forms magnesium
oxide, usually called
magnesia or MgO.
Magnesium oxide boards or
MgO boards are famous in
some countries because of
their multiple applications.
MgO boards are available in
required sizes and grades.
Advantages
 Mgo boards are light in weight and easy to handle.
 They are fireproof and waterproof.
 Bio friendly boards cause no harm to the environment.
 They are strong to resist heavy loads.
Disadvantages
 When Mgo boards meet wet concrete, the magnesium
chloride present in MgO boards may dissolve and cause
corrosion to the reinforcement.
 Skilled supervision is required for installation.
 MgO boards cannot sustain in humid conditions. They
absorb moisture easily from atmosphere so, they are called
as crying boards.
 Fabric as Formwork Material

 Fabric formwork is the

modern technology in
construction sector. Fabric
can be mold into any
required shapes which
makes it more famous
formwork for architectural
purposes.
Advantages
 It weighs very less when compared to any other formwork
material.
 It is economical.
 Any complex shape can be constructed using fabric
formwork.
 It is waterproof.
 Doesn’t affect the concrete properties.
 Easy to removal after the hardening of concrete.
Disadvantages
 For installation skilled workers are required to form perfect
and required complex shapes.
Types of Scaffolding used in
Construction:
Single scaffolding
Double scaffolding
Cantilever scaffolding
Suspended scaffolding
Trestle scaffolding
Steel scaffolding
Patented scaffolding
Single Scaffolding
Single scaffolding is generally used for brick masonry
and is also called as brick layer’s scaffolding. Single
scaffolding consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs
etc., which is parallel to the wall at a distance of
about 1.2 m. Distance between the standards is
about 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers connect the standards at
vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Putlogs are taken out
from the hole left in the wall to one end of the
ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5
m.
Double Scaffolding
Double Scaffolding is generally used for stone
masonry so, it is also called as mason’s scaffolding.
In stone walls, it is hard to make holes in the wall to
support putlogs. So, two rows of scaffolding is
constructed to make it strong. The first row is 20 – 30
cm away from the wall and the other one is 1m away
from the first row. Then putlogs are placed which are
supported by the both frames. To make it more
strong rakers and cross braces are provided. This is
also called as independent scaffolding.
Cantilever Scaffolding
This a type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported
on series of needles and these needles are taken out through
holes in the wall. This is called single frame type scaffolding. In
the other type needles are strutted inside the floors through the
openings and this is called independent or double frame type
scaffolding. Care should be taken while construction of
cantilever scaffolding.
Generally cantilever scaffoldings are used under conditions such as
When the ground does not having the capacity to support standards,
When the Ground near the wall is to be free from traffic,
When upper part of the wall is under construction.
Suspended Scaffolding
In suspended scaffolding,
the working platform is
suspended from roofs
with the help of wire
ropes or chains etc., it
can be raised or lowered
to our required level. This
type of scaffolding is
used for repair works,
pointing, paintings etc..
Trestle Scaffolding
In Trestle scaffolding,
the working platform is
supported on movable
tripods or ladders. This
is generally used for
work inside the room,
such as paintings,
repairs etc., up to a
height of 5m.
Steel Scaffolding
Steel scaffolding is
constructed by steel tubes
which are fixed together by
steel couplers or fittings. It
is very easy to construct or
dismantle. It has greater
strength, greater durability
and higher fire resistance. It
is not economical but will
give more safety for
workers. So, it is used
extensively nowadays.
Patented Scaffolding
Patented scaffoldings are
made up of steel but these
are equipped with special
couplings and frames etc.,
these are readymade
scaffoldings which are
available in the market. In
this type of scaffolding
working platform is
arranged on brackets which
can be adjustable to our
required level.
Forms
 Reinforced concrete structures need forms to construct its
structural member such as columns, beams and slabs.
Form is a temporary frame used in order for the structural
member to produce the design section and shape. Forms
must be simple and easy to install, to remove and to
reinstall again and again. This is the reason why forms
made up of wood such as plywood and phenolic boards
nailed on lumber are the most common used forms.
 The materials used for forms of columns and beams can
be computed with the help of table 5.1.
The advantages of using wood as
forms are:
1) Light in weight
2) Durable and with strength to contain the concrete
3) Easy to cut and to fasten
4) Easy to assemble and disassemble
5) Can be bought anywhere
6) Affordable and reusable
7) Can be dismantle and use for other purposes
The kind of lumber used as a form
are as follows:
1) Good lumber (rough lumber)
2) Secondhand lumber (slight cheaper but with some
holes)
3) Coco-lumber (much cheaper, if the form will be
used once or twice only)
Steps in finding the forms for
square and rectangular columns:
1) Compute the perimeter of the column P + 0.2m for lapping.
2) Multiply this value by the effective height of one column
form times the pieces of columns to get the total area of
the forms.
3) Divide the total area found in step 2 by the area of 1
plywood which is 2.88.
4) To get the board foot of lumber, multiply the pcs of plywood
found in step 3 by the factor stated in table 5.1.
5) For column forms normally we used it twice, thrice or 4
times with additional
Sample Problem:
A building has 8 columns with sections of 30cm x
30cm each and 4.2m high. Using 1/2" ordinary
plywood and 2” x 2” lumber. If the forms will be use
twice, calculate the following
a) The pcs of plywood needed
b) The board foot of lumber needed
b) The kilograms of nails needed
Solution:
a. P= (0.3 x 4 sides)+0.2 lapping =1.4m
Area of Form(Plywood) = 1.4m x 2.4m x 8 columns = 26.88m2
No of Form(Plywood) needed= 26.88m2/2.88m2= 9.33 0r
10shts x 1.25% = 13shts of ½” x 4 x 8 Marine Plywood or
Phenolic Board
By Counting:
Form sizes needed for 1 column:
2 pcs - 0.3m x 2.4m and 2pcs- 0.4m x 2.4m
From 1 plywood which is 1.2 x 2.4m = 1.25shts
No of Plywood for 8 columns= 1.25 x 8 =10shts x 1.25% =
13shts of ½” x 4 x 8 Marine Plywood or Phenolic Board
Solution:
B . Number of 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber
From table 5.1 : 13shts x 20.33 = 264.29 bd.ft.
1- 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber =3.33bdft
No. of pcs of 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber:
264.29/3.33= 79.287 or 80 pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber
By Counting:
For 1 column= 2 pcs of 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft
2 x 8 x 1.25% = 80 pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber
Solution:
c . Nails (CWN)
Nails Needed for 16 pcs- 30cm x 2.4m forms
1-1/2’’ CWN = 16 x 45pcs= 720pcs
2’’ CWN = 16 x 28pcs= 448pcs
3” CWN = 16 x 14pcs= 224 pcs
Nails Needed for 16pcs- 40cm x 2.4m forms
1-1/2’’ CWN = 16 x 52pcs= 832pcs
2’’ CWN = 16 x 28pcs= 448pcs
3” CWN = 16 x 14pcs= 224pcs
Solution:
c . Nails (CWN)
1-1/2’’ CWN = (720+832)x 1.25/ 662= 2.93 or 3kgs
2’’ CWN = (448+446) x 1.25/ 397 = 2.82 or 3kgs
3” CWN = (224+224) x 1.25/146 = 3.84 or 4kgs
MATERIAL SUMMARY
13shts- ½” x 4’ x 8 ‘ Plywood
80pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 10’ lumber
3kgs- 1-1/2’’ CWN
3kgs-2’’ CWN
4kgs- 3’’CWN
Steps in finding the forms for
rectangular beams:
1) Compute the perimeter of the column, P = 2d + b + 0.1m for
lapping.
2) Multiply this value by the effective length of one beam times the
pieces of beams to get the total area of the forms.
3) Divide the total area found in step 2 by the area of 1 plywood
which is 2.88.
4) To get the board foot of lumber, multiply the pcs of plywood found
in step 3 by the factor stated in table 5.1.
5) For beam forms, normally we require to pour the concrete
monolithic, which means, all forms per level shall be completely
used. Per reuse we add 50%.
Sample Problem:
A building has 10 pcs of 30cm x 40cm x 4m beams at
2nd floor level. Using 1/2" ordinary plywood and 2” x
2” lumber. Calculate the following quantity of
materials for the formworks of the above mentioned
beams.
a) The pcs of plywood needed
b) The board foot of lumber needed
c) The kilograms of nails needed
Solution:
a. P= (0.4 x 2 sides) + 0.3 + 0.2 lapping =1.2m
Area of Form(Plywood) = 1.2m x 4m x 10 columns = 48m 2
No of Form(Plywood) needed= 48m2/2.88m2= 16.67 x 1.10% =
18.936shts or 19shts of ½” x 4 x 8 Marine Plywood or
Phenolic Board
By Counting:
Form sizes needed for 1 beam:
1 pcs - 0.3m x 2.4m and 2pcs- 0.45m x 2.4m and
1 pcs - 0.3m x 1.6m and 2pcs- 0.45m x 1.6m
From 1 plywood which is 1.2 x 2.4m = 1.67shts x 1.10= 1.837shts
No of Plywood for 10 beams= 1.837x 10 =18.37sft or 19shts of
½” x 4 x 8 Marine Plywood or Phenolic Board
Solution:
B . Number of 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber
From table 5.1 : 19shts x 18.66 = 354.54bd.ft.
1- 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber =3.33bdft
No. of pcs of 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber:
354.54/3.33= 106.47 or 107 pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft lumber
By Counting:
For 1 beam= 10.8 pcs of 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft
10.80 x 1.10x10= 118.9 or 120 pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 10ft
lumber
Solution:
c . Nails (CWN)
Nails Needed for 40 pcs- 40cm x 2.4m forms
1-1/2’’ CWN = 40 x 52pcs= 2080pcs
2’’ CWN = 40 x 28pcs= 1120pcs
3” CWN = 40 x 14pcs= 560 pcs
Nails Needed for 20pcs- 30cm x 2.4m forms
1-1/2’’ CWN = 20 x 45pcs= 900pcs
2’’ CWN = 20 x 28pcs= 560pcs
3” CWN = 20 x 14pcs= 280pcs
Solution:
c . Nails (CWN)
1-1/2’’ CWN = (2080+ 900)x 1.10/ 662= 4.95 or 5kgs
2’’ CWN = (1120+560) x 1.10/ 397 = 4.65 or 5kgs
3” CWN = (560+280) x 1.10/146 = 6.33 or 6.5kgs
MATERIAL SUMMARY
19shts- ½” x 4’ x 8 ‘ Plywood
120pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 10’ lumber
5kgs- 1-1/2’’ CWN
5kgs-2’’ CWN
6.5kgs- 3’’CWN
SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING
Forms alone are not enough to support the concrete
mixture, they need additional supports of braces, shoring,
scaffolding and the like. Normally, the common practice of
the estimator in dealing with staging and scaffolding is by
lump sum considering that this item is time consuming
and requires necessary experience of the estimator to
visualize those that are not included in the plans such as
the braces, the vertical and horizontal supports, the
wedges, mudsill, out-reager and etc. Table 5.4 is very
helpful in dealing with this item plus the topic in
formworks of suspended slab.
Sample Problem:
Sample Problem:
4.0m 4.0m
A reinforced concrete building has 9 columns
with a clear height of 4m and with beams and
slab as shown in the plan. Determine the

4.5m
required scaffolding under the following
specifications:
1) Scaffolding for columns using 2” x 3”
lumber for vertical support and 2” x 3”
lumber for horizontal support and braces.
2) Scaffolding for beams using 2” x 3” umber

4.5m
for vertical support and 2” x 2” lumber for
horizontal support
3) Forms and Scaffolding for slabs using 3/4"
thick Phenolic board and 2” x 4” lumber
Solution:
a. Scaffolding for columns
4m x 9 columns = 36meters, say we use 12ft lumbers
From table 5.4:
Vertical Support = 36 x 7= 252bdft/ 5bdft= 51.8x 1.10=
56.98 or 57pcs- 2’’ x 3’’ x 12ft lumber
Horizontal support = 36 x 21= 756bdft/4bdft=189x 1.10=
207.9 or
208pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 12ft lumber
Diagonal Braces= 36 x 11.7= 421bdft/4bdft=105.25x 1.10=
115.78or
116pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 12ft lumber
Solution:
b. Scaffolding for beams
(4.5m x 6)+(4m x 6)= 51 meters, say we use 12ft
lumbers
From table 5.4:
Vertical Support = 51 x 6= 306bdft/ 5bdft= 61.2x
1.10= 67.32 or 68pcs- 2’’ x 3’’ x 12ft lumber
Horizontal support = 36 x 7= 252bdft/4bdft=63x
1.10= 69.3 or
70pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 12ft lumber
Solution:
c. Scaffolding for Slab
Area of Slab= 4.5m x 4m x 4= 72m2
For Support: say we use 12ft lumbers
= 72 x 12.2= 878.4bdft/ 8bdft= 109.8x 1.10= 120.78 or 121pcs- 2’’ x 4’’ x
12ft lumber
For Slab Forms:
Area = 72m2 /2.88m2= 25 x 1.10 = 27.5 or 28shts 0f 3/4’’x 2’x4’ Marine
Plywood
Nails Needed for 56 pcs- 60cm x 2.4m forms
1-1/2’’ CWN = 56 x 61pcs= 3416pcs
2’’ CWN = 56 x 36pcs= 2016pcs
3” CWN = 56 x 18pcs= 1008 pcs
4” CWN = 56 x 18pcs= 1008 pcs
Solution:
c . Nails (CWN)
1-1/2’’ CWN = 3416x 1.10/ 662= 5.68 or 6kgs
2’’ CWN = 2016x 1.10/ 397 = 5.58 or 6kgs
3” CWN = 1008 x 1.10/146 = 7.79or 8kgs
4” CWN = 1008 x 1.10/68 = 16.30 or 16.5kgs
MATERIAL SUMMARY
28shts-3/4” x 4’ x 8 ‘ Plywood
186pcs- 2’’ x 2’’ x 12’ lumber
68pcs- 2’’ x 3’’ x 12’ lumber
121pcs- 2’’ x 4’’ x 12’ lumber
6kgs- 1-1/2’’ CWN
6kgs-2’’ CWN
8kgs- 3’’CWN
16.5 kgs- 4’’CWN
STEEL PIPE SCAFFOLDING
Steel pipe Scaffolding can be used
freely to prefabricate height and
width according to the places and
forms to install. Galvanized steel
pipe with good strength makes
durability and also leads economical
delivery and storage. Standard
scaffolding frames have 4’ (1.20m)
with available in 3 different heights
ranging from 0.90 to 1.70m. They
are useful for access platforms and
concrete support works.
COMPUTATION SHEET 3.

A. FORMWORKS & SCAFFOLDING

1. Footing
2. Footing Tie Beam
3. Columns (Ground and 2nd Floor)
4. Beams (2nd Floor and Roof Beams)
5. Suspended Slab
6. Stair
B. DETAILS OF FORMWORKS AND SCAFFOLDING
(A4 Bond paper – Drawn Manually or CAD or SketchUp or
Rivet
C. SUMMARY of Materials