‫جامعة النجم الساطع‬

‫كلية علوم الطيران‬

‫قسم هندسة ميكانيكا الطيران‬

‫‪Semester 6‬‬
‫‪Lecture # 1.0‬‬

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 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES-I– AE363
‫هياكل الطائرات‬- I

 Course Description:
The course aims to introduce the student to the various parts of the aircraft, their functions and the
loads on them, and to know the terminology used for the parts of the aircraft structure.

 Course Objectives:
 To define the followings:
 Primary requirements that must be met by the A/C construction.
 Main types of aircrafts and their purposes.
 The construction of airframe including all parts & their functions.
 Principal loads on A/C in various operating conditions & their distribution in different airframe parts.

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 Lecture#1: General information on aircraft (A/C) construction
 Lecture#2: Loads acting on aircraft Two lectures-Part1&2
 Lecture#3: V-n diagram Two lectures-Part1&2
 Lecture#4: Construction of wing
 Lecture#5: Aircraft tail unit
 Lecture#6: Wing high-lift devices
 Lecture#7: Construction of fuselage
 Lecture#8: Aircraft emergency escape system
 Lecture#9: General characteristics of A/C landing gear L/G, A/C wheels & L/G shock absorption
 Lecture#10: Introduction to the construction and features of the helicopter.

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 Theoretical and Practical Topics :
 Lecture#1: General information on aircraft (A/C) construction
 Lecture#2: Loads acting on aircraft and V-n diagram
 Lecture#3: Construction of wing
 Lecture#4: Aircraft tail unit
 Lecture#5: Wing high-lift devices
 Lecture#6: Construction of fuselage
 Lecture#7: Aircraft emergency escape system
 Lecture#8: General characteristics of A/C landing gear L/G, A/C wheels & L/G shock absorption
 Lecture#9: Introduction to the construction and features of the helicopter.

 References:
1- Turkin K. D.,"Fundamentals of Aircraft Construction”, ISBN 8/77828-P9.
2- Dale Crane,“Airframe Structures”, Volume 2 , 3rd Edition, IPG )Aviation Supplies & Academics) - May 2006.
3- Jeppesen ,”A&P Technician Airframe Textbook”,
4- JEPP A&P MECH AIRFR,“Airframe and powerplant mechanics”,
5- John Anderson, “Introduction to Flight”, 5th Edition
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 Contents
A. Main structural groups of A/C
B. Basic requirements to be met by A/C structures.
C. Classification of A/C depending on structural features.

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 A. Main structural groups of A/C:

1. Airframe group:
a. Wing.
b. Fuselage.
c. Tail unit.
2. Airframe mechanisms & systems:
a. Landing gear.
c. Control system mechanisms Mechanisms power actuators.
d. De-icing devices.
e. Power plant:
Engine, fuel system, oil system, firefighting system, etc.
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3. Aircraft equipment group:
a. Electronic automatics.
b. Electrical equipment.
c. Instrument & oxygen equipment.
d. High-altitude outfit.
e. Camera reconnaissance and camera gunnery facilities.

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4. Radar equipment group:
a. Communication.
b. Navigation & reconnaissance means.
c. Counter-radar means.
d. IFF.
e. Control means…etc

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5. A/C armament group:
a. Rocket.
b. Guns.
c. Bombs aboard the A/C
d. Armament mounts.
e. Sighting devices & armament computers.
f. Para dropping equipments…etc

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 B. Basic requirements to be met by
A/C structures
1. High aerodynamic cleanness.
2. Low weight of construction with necessary strength &
stiffness.
3. Simplicity of operation.
4. Ensuring of high reliability, combat survivability and
flight safety
5. Production effectiveness.

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 1.High aerodynamic cleanness
 To ensure high combat efficiency (max flight speed, max
rate of climb, maneuverability…etc):
 External configuration & dimensions.
 Definite parameters of power-plant.
 Good stability & controllability in all flight conditions.

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 2.Low weight of construction with necessary
strength & stiffness
 The construction should be strong & rigid.
 The strength & stiffness requirements should be met at
minimum weight of the structure.

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 3.Simplicity of operation
 Combat efficiency of A/C depends on simplicity of ground
maintenance & air-operation, required:
 Possibilityof fast preparation for flight.
 Convenience of operation in flight.
 Convenience of storage.
 Safety of servicing personnel.
 Presence of maintenance breaks.
 Interchangeability of main components.

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 4.Ensuring of high reliability, combat survivability
and flight safety
 Reliability of construction depends on:
o Structural patterns of the A/C.
o Strength & stiffness of separate elements & the whole
structure.
o Advanced design & manufacture of mechanisms & systems.
o Adjustment of systems.

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 Combat Survivability is ensured by:
o Using duplicating systems.
o Double control runs.
o Advanced automated fire-fighting system.
o Armored placing of the crew stations & vital units…etc.

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 Flight safety is ensured by:
o High reliability of equipment.
o Good aerodynamic characteristics of A/C.
o Abilities of pilot to counteract equipment failure post-effects.
o Use of special automatics providing for combining potentialities of the A/C
with physiological abilities of the pilot.
o Means for warning of dangerous flight conditions.

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 5.Production effectiveness
 Low labour consumption.
 Simple machining.
 Short terms of industrial adoption.
 Reduction of costs.

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 C. Classification of A/C depending on
structural features
1. The Flight Principle:
a. Airplane (Fixed Wing).
b. Helicopter. (Rotor Wing)
2. The Purpose:
a. Civil
b. Military:
 Fighters, bombers, military cargo plant…etc.

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3. The Structural Features:
a. Types, number & location of engines.
b. Shape, number & location of wings.
c. Types of take-off/ landing devices…etc.

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 Definitions

1. Strength is the ability of a structure to take up without destruction

definite external loads created under various operating
conditions.
2. Stiffness is the ability a structure to resist deformation under the
action of a load.
3. Reliability is a property of a construction of the A/C to operate
trouble free under definite operating conditions during a certain
time period.

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4. Combat survivability is ability of the A/C to perform a
flight according to flight mission in a case of damage by
enemy fire.
5. Flight safety is characterized by absence of incidents
which are events occurring in flight & leading to
complete or partial destruction of A/C.

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 Questions
 State some examples of the characteristic features of a military
cargo plane & a fighter interceptor?
 On what does the flight safety depend ?
 What is the main condition for ensuring reliable operation?.

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 Any Questions ?

Thank you for attention

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