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1.2-Number Systems and Conversions

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18 views

1.2-Number Systems and Conversions

Uploaded by

angel reyes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Number Systems and

Their Conversions
An Introduction to Binary, Octal, Decimal, and
Hexadecimal Systems
WHAT
ARE
NUMBE
R
Number systems are methods for
representing numbers using a specific set
of symbols, where the base determines the
number of symbols and the value of each
position in a number, like how 10 in
decimal means 1 ten and 0 ones, while in
binary, 10 means 1 two and 0 ones.

- Binary (Base-2)
- Octal (Base-8)
- Decimal (Base-10)
• A decimal number such as 7,392
represents a quantity equal to 7
thousands plus 3 hundreds, plus 9 tens,
plus 2 units.
• The thousands, hundreds, etc. are
powers of 10 implied by the position of
the coefficients. To be exact, 7,392
should be written as

• 7 x 103 + 3 x 102 + 9 x 101 + 2 x 100


• However, the convention is to write only
the coefficients and from their position
deduce the necessary powers of 10.
• In general, a number with a decimal
point is represented by a series of
coefficients as follows:

• a3 a2 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-3


• The aj coefficients are any of the 10 digits (1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), and the subscript value j
gives the place value and, hence, the power
of 10 by which the coefficient must be
multiplied. This can be expressed as

• a3 x 10^3 + a2 x 10^2 + a1 x 10^1 + a0 x


10^0 +
a-1 x 10^-1 + a-2 x 10^-2 + a-2 x 10^-3

• 7 x 10^3 + 3 x 10^2 + 9 x 10^1 + 2 x 10^0


AH!
OKAY!
• the decimal number system is said to be of base, or
radix, 10 because it uses 10 digits and the coefficients
are multiplied by powers of 10.
• The binary system is a different number system. The
coefficients of the binary numbers system have only
two possible values: 0 or 1. Each coefficient aj is
multiplied by 2j

Example 1, the decimal equivalent of the binary number


11010.11
• 1 1 0 1 0 .1 1

• a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2
• In general, a number expressed in base-r
system has coefficients multiplied by
powers of r.

(11010.11)2 =

1 x 2^4 + 1 x 2^3 + 0 x 2^2 + 1 x 2^1 + 0


x 2^0 +
1 x 2^-1 + 1 x 2^-2 = (26.75)10
BINARY SYSTEM
(BASE-2)
The Binary system uses only two digits: 0 and 1.

• Example: (1011)_2
• Each digit represents powers of 2
from right to left:

(1011)_2 = 1×23 + 0×22 + 1×21 + 1×20 = 8 + 0 +


2 + 1 = (11)_10
DECIMAL SYSTEM
(BASE-10)
The Decimal system uses ten digits: 0 to 9. This is
the system we use daily.

• Example: (1234)_10
• Each digit represents powers of 10
from right to left:

(1234)_10 =
1×10^3 + 2×10^2 + 3×10^1 + 4×10^0 =
1000 + 200 + 30 + 4 = (1234)_10
O C TA L S Y S T E M ( B A S E - 8 )

The Octal system uses eight digits: 0 to 7.

• Example: (345)_8
• Each digit represents powers of 8
from right to left:

(345)_8 = 3×8^2 + 4×8^1 + 5×8^0 = 192


+ 32 + 5 = (229)_10
HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM (BASE-16)

The Hexadecimal system uses sixteen digits:


0-9 and A-F (where A=10, B=11, ..., F=15).

• Example: (2B7)_16
• Each digit represents powers of 16
from right to left:

(2B7)_16 = 2×16^2 + 11×16^1 + 7×16^0 =


512 + 176 + 7 = (695)_10
TYPE YOURNAME IN CHAT
IF YOU’RE PAYING
ATTENTION
CONVERTING
TO
DECIMAL
BINARY TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Step-by- 1. Assign powers of 2:
Step 1×2^3, 0×2^2, 1×2^1,
Example: 1×2^0

Convert
2. Perform multiplication:
(1011)_2 to
8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11
Decimal
• Answer: (1011)_2 =
CONVERTING
FROM
DECIMAL
DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Step-by-Step 1. Divide 13 by 2. Quotient is 6,
Example: Convert remainder is 1.
(13)_10 to Binary 2. Divide 6 by 2. Quotient is 3,
remainder is 0.
If divisible by 2 = 3. Divide 3 by 2. Quotient is 1,
remainder is 1.
remainder equals
4. Divide 1 by 2. Quotient is 0,
0
remainder is 1.
If not divisible by 2
• Answer: (13)_10 = (1101)_2
= remainder
Least Significant Digit

Most Significant Digit


DECIMAL TO BINARY
NUMBER

(41)10 =
(A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0)2 =
• Divide the decimal number by
DECIMAL 8.

TO • Record the remainder (this will


be a digit between 0 and 7).
OCTAL • Use the quotient (whole
number result) for the next
CONVER division by 8.
• Repeat steps 1–3 until the
SION quotient becomes 0.
• Read the remainders in
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
CONVERSION
The required base-r
is 8.
• Divide the decimal number by
16.
DECIMAL • Record the remainder (this will
be a digit between 0 and 15,
TO with values 10-15 represented
as A-F).
HEXADECI • Use the quotient (whole

MAL number result) for the next


division by 16.
CONVERSI • Repeat steps 1–3 until the
quotient becomes 0.
ON • Read the remainders in
DECIMAL TO
HEXADECIMAL
The required base-r
is 16.
CONVERTING
FROM
BINARY
1.Group the binary digits into
sets of three, starting from
BINARY the right. Add leading zeros if
necessary to complete the
TO OCTAL last group.
2.Convert each group of three
CONVERS binary digits into its
corresponding octal value.
ION Example:
101 (binary) = 5 (octal)
3.Write the octal digits in the
1.Group the binary digits into
sets of four, starting from the
right. Add leading zeros if

BINARY necessary to complete the


last group.

TO 2.Convert each group of four


binary digits into its

HEXADECI corresponding hexadecimal


value.
MAL ⚬ Example: 1101 (binary) =
D (hexadecimal)
3.Write the hexadecimal digits
CONVERTING
TO
BINARY
• Take each octal digit.
OCTAL • Convert each octal digit into
its equivalent 3-bit binary
TO form.
• Example: 7 (octal) = 111
BINARY (binary)

CONVER • Combine the binary groups to


form the full binary number.

SION
• Take each hexadecimal digit.

HEXADECI • Convert each hexadecimal


digit into its equivalent 4-bit

MAL TO binary form.


• Example: F (hexadecimal) =

BINARY 1111 (binary)


• Combine the binary groups to
form the full binary number.
PRACTICE PROBLEM
1. Convert ACE16 into Binary
Try number.
2. Convert 2810 into
converting
Hexadecimal number.
the 3. Convert 110112 into Decimal
following number.
numbers: 4. Convert 758 into Binary
number.
5. Convert 1CA16 into Octal
ASSIGNMENT
1. Binary number (111000)2 to
Decimal number
2. Octal number (1234)8 to
Try Decimal number
converting 3. Hexadecimal number
the (FEED)16 to Decimal number
4. Decimal number (999)10 to
following
Binary number
numbers: 5. Decimal number (153)10 to
Octal number

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