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Intro Microbiology

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Mariela Ronquillo
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4 views

Intro Microbiology

Uploaded by

Mariela Ronquillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

TO
MICROBIOLOGY
PREPARED BY:
MARIELA C. RONQUILLO, RMT
WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY?
 Study of organisms that are too small to be
seen by the naked eye.
 The different branches of microbiology are
classified into pure and applied sciences as
well as TAXONOMY.
TAXONOMY
 Is a formal system for organizing, classifying and
naming living things
 ____________________- a Swedish botanist, laid
down the basic rules for taxonomic categories
(binomial system).
TAXONOMY
 I. Classification
 The organization of microorganisms that share
similar morphologic, physiologic and genetic traits
into specific groups or taxa.
TAXONOMY
 Subspecies- species are subdivided based on
phenotypic differences.

 A. Serotype- based on serologic


differences
 B. Biotype- based on biochemical
diferences
TAXONOMY

cation
Microcococceae
Staphylococcus
aureus

on: S. aureus
staphylococci
TAXONOMY
 II. NOMENCLATURE
 naming of microorganisms according to the
established rules and guidelines.
 It provides the accepted labels by which
organisms are universally recognized.
 Example: Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus
aureus.
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozanae or
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozanae
TAXONOMY
 When a new name is accepted a written
format is “new name (old name)”

 Ex. Enterococcus (Streptococcus) faecalis


TAXONOMY
 III. IDENTIFICATION
 Is the process by which a microorganisms key
features are delineated.
 a. Genotypic characteristics- it relate to the
organisms’s genetic makeup

 b. Phenotypic characteristics- It includes


readily observable characteristics and those
characteristics that may require extensive
analytic procedures to be detected.
TAXONOMY
1.Macroscopic morphology
2. Microscopic morphology
3. Staining characteristics
4. Environmental requirements
5. Nutritional requirements
6. Resistance profiles
7. Antigenic properties
TERMINOLOGIES
 Strain- is a population of organisms that is
differentiated from populations within a particular
taxonomic category.
 Biovars- are variant prokaryotic strains characterized
by biochemical or physiological differences.
 Morphovars- are variant prokaryotic strains which
differ morphologically.
 Serovars- are strains with distinctive antigenic
properties.
HISTORY OF
MICROBIOLOGY
THE DISCOVERY OF
MICROORGANISMS:

Roman philosopher Lucretius (98-55 B.C.) and Girolamo
Fracastoro (1478-1553)
They suggested that a disease was caused by “_________________.”
 Francesco Stelutti (1625-1630)

He made the earliest microscopic observations on bees and


weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo.
 Anton Van Leewenhoek (1632-1723)

The “___________________”
The first person to observe and describe microorganisms
accurately - “________________________”
He discovered “animalcules”
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
 Aristotle (384- 322 B.C.)

He mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from


spontaneous generation.
 Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

In 1668, he demonstrated that maggots do not arise


spontaneously from decaying meat.
 John Needham (1748)

He observed that boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy


with microorganisms after pouring it into a flask and sealed
tightly.
 Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729- 1799)

He improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating


the broth placed in a sealing jar.
 Laurent Lavoiser
BIOGENESIS
 Rudolf Virchow (1858)

- He challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of


“biogenesis”
 Theodore Schwann
- He observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing
nutrient solution after allowing air to pass through a red-hot tube.
 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

- He resolved the issue of spontaneous generation.


He stated that microorganisms are indeed present in the air
and can contaminate seemingly sterile solutions, however the
air itself does not create microbes.
He showed that microorganisms can also be present in non-
living matter.
 John Tyndall (1820-1893)

He showed that dust carry germs which contaminates sterile


broth.
- “Tyndallization”
FERMENTATION AND
PASTEURIZATION
 Theodore Schwann- stated that yeast cells were responsible for
the conversion of sugars to alcohol.
 Pasteur described that certain microorganisms known as “yeast”
converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air.
 Souring and spoilage of wine are caused by different
microorgnisms called bacteria.
 Heating the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria
was proposed by Pasteur.
PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE

1. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation


2. He developed vaccines against anthrax (1881) and
rabies (1885)
3. He improved the wine industry

Charles Chamberland – created a porcelain bacterial filter


(1884) and developed anthrax vaccine together with
Pasteur.
ANTISEPTIC SYSTEM
 Ignatz Semmelweiz (1816- 1865)

He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent


the spread of disease.
 Joseph Lister (1827- 1912)

He developed the antiseptic system of surgery.


He introduced British surgery to handwashing and the use of
phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound
dressings.
THE GERM THEORY OF
DISEASE
 Robert Koch (1843-1910)

 He established the first proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases.

 He discovered Bacillus anthracis (1876-1877)

 He Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)

 He was the first to culture bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin,

used meat extracts and protein digests for cultivation.


 He developed culture media for observing growth of bacteria

isolated from human body.


THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
 Koch’s Postulates

1. The microorganism must be present in every case of


the disease but absent from healthy organisms.
2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and
grown in a pure culture.
3. The same disease must result when the isolated
microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.
4. The same organism must be isolated again from the
diseased host.
KOCH’S POSTULATES:
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
 Collaborators of Koch:

Fannie Eilshemius Hesse- suggested the use of agar as a


solidifying agent

Richard Petri- developed the petri dish (plate)

Martinus Beijerinck and Sergie Winogradsky- developed


the enrichment- culture technique and the use of selective media.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES-
VACCINATION
Edward Jenner- He experimented on how people can
be protected against small pox.

Louis Pasteur- He used the term “vaccine”- for cultures


of avirulent microorganisms use for preventive
inoculation.

Emil von Behring- Prepared toxins for diphtheria and


tetanus.
MODERN THERAPY: “MAGIC
BULLET”
  Chemotherapy- It refers to chemical treatment of
noninfectious diseases, such as cancer.
 Use of chemical substances, especially those produced
synthetically, to destroy pathogenic microorganisms
within the body.
 a. Synthetic drugs- prepared from chemicals in the
laboratory
 b. Antibiotics- produced naturally by bacteria and
fungi to act against microorganisms.
MODERN THERAPY: “MAGIC
BULLET”
 Paul Ehrlich- discovered salvarsan for
treatment of syphilis.
 Alexander Fleming - discovered penicillin
(Penicillium notatum)
 Howard Florey & Ernst Chain- made the
purification process for penicillin.

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