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Tunneling

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11 views

Tunneling

Uploaded by

Samta Tayade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING JALGAON

TUNNELING

By:
PRADIP GOPAL (MTech)
Water Resources Engineering
NIT Warangal
 TUNNELING

 It is an artificial underground passage to bypass obstacles safely without disturbing the

overburden that is land above it, to carry goods, passengers, sewage, water.

 OPEN CUTS

 Open cut is open to sky passage excavated through huge soil mass of obstacles, like

hill, in required direction to connect two roads or railways.


 ADVANTAGES OF TUNNELING

 More economical than open cuts beyond certain depths.

 Avoid disturbing or interfering with surface life and traffic during construction.

 It would provide better protection in aerial warfare conditions and bombing as compared to

bridges.

 It provides protection from snow and iceberg hazards.

 There is overall reduction in cost because of shortening the distance.

 Maintenance cost of tunnels is much less than that for the bridges.
 DISADVANTAGES OF TUNNELING

 Initial cost of construction is high.

 It requires skilled labours and high quality of supervision while constructing tunnels.

 Usually it takes longer time duration for construction under normal durations.

 It requires modern and sophisticated equipment.


 3.75 km long head-race tunnel for Koyna hydro-electric project.

 1.54 km and 4.25 km long water supply tunnels in Bombay.

 4.77 km total length of five diversion tunnels for the Beas dam project.

 6.62 km long head-race tunnel for Loktak project.

 3.80 km long Malabar Hill project.

 12.79 km long lower Periyar tunnel.


 ALIGNMENT OF A TUNNEL
 The selection of route of tunnel will naturally depend on the of topography of the area through which tunnel

is passing and also on the convenient points of its entrance and exit.

Two considerations:

1. Alignment Restraints: Underground area is a heterogenous mass and addition, problems like water

table, meeting high temperature zones, position of fractured rock etc are to be tackled.

2. Environmental Considerations: The site of tunnel should be selected in such a way that the least

difficulty is experienced for various environmental factors such as disposal of exhaust gas, ground-water,

muck etc.
 ROCK TUNNELS

 Tunnels excavated in firm, cohesive media

 This media vary from:

 Very soft rock: between England and France: used Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)

 Very hard rock: Igneous/ Metamorphic rocks.


 SOFT GROUND TUNNELS

 Tunnels excavated in soft/plastic/cohesive or cohesionless media.

 Tunnels through soils

 Calcutta metro underground tunnels excavated in marine clays: especially shallow

tunnels: overburden < 50 m.

 Water poses problem during excavation.


 MIXED FACE TUNNELS

 Tunnels excavated through geological media where in part of the tunnel is driven

through rocks and part of it, through soils.

 Interface: usually a weathered material. If shear stress mobilized along the interface

exceeds the shear strength of weathered material: leads to stability problems.

 Difficult to construct.
 SHIELD TUNNELS
 Shield tunnelling: construction methodology adopted for construction of soft ground
tunnels: adopted in Calcutta metro UG project.
 Steel cylindrical shell: front and rear end
 Front end: has a cutting face to cut the soil and advance the tunnel
 Rear end: assembly of high capacity compressors which push the shell in forward
direction.
 Shield shell:
Provides safety during construction
Permits simultaneous installation of supports at rear end
Permits excavation in sub-aqueous conditions
 ADITS
 Short transverse tunnel connecting two parallel tunnels or tunnel which provides access to
a side hill tunnel.
 DRIFT

 Small diameter tunnel excavated ahead of face of advance before excavation of full size

tunnel, to ascertain exact geological conditions.


 PILOT TUNNEL
 Essential to excavate in situations where prediction of geological conditions at a given
depth is absolutely uncertain.
 CAVERNS
 As against a tunnel, cavern is a finite size cavity.
 For underground
Storage chambers
Power house: machine hall, transformer hall, switch yard

 SHAFTS
 Vertical or inclined excavation
 To get an access to a certain point located at a large depth
 For the purpose of ventilation in long tunnels
 Surge shafts

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