HUMAN ANATOMY - SFH 151

22/10/2024
LECTURE 5

1 INSTRUCTOR: Ms. Sefakor Agbenyegah (MPhil, BSc.)

Contact: 0541830171
E-mail: [email protected]
 LECTURE OBJECTIVES

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 Atthe end of the lecture, the student should be
able to:
 Compare the three types of muscle tissue
 Describe three functions of skeletal muscle
 Describe the structure of skeletal muscle
 Outline the steps in skeletal muscle contraction
 Explain how muscles are named
 Name some of the major muscles in each muscle group
 List the major disorders of muscles and their associated structures

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM - OVERVIEW

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 The muscular system is composed of specialized
contractile cells called muscle fibers.

 There are more than 600 muscles in the human body

with varying shapes and sizes

 Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles,

attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels,
are responsible for movement.

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 MUSCULAR SYSTEM - FUNCTIONS

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 Producing movement – skeletal muscles are
responsible for all locomotion; they enable us to respond
quickly to changes in the external environment.
 Maintaining posture – skeletal muscles make one tiny

adjustment after another to maintain an erect or seated

posture
 Stabilizing joints – muscle tendons reinforce and

stabilize joints that have poorly fitting articulating

surfaces
 Generating heat – nearly three-quarters of energy used
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to power muscles escape as heat and this heat plays a
role in maintaining normal body temperature.
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM – MUSCLE TISSUES

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 The largest percentage of muscles in the muscular system
consists of the skeletal muscles
 They ensure the general movement of the body
 Characteristics: voluntary; has long narrow cells, striated
(alternation light and dark bands); multinucleated cells
 Cardiac muscles make up the walls of the heart
 Characteristics: involuntary; no striations, short narrow cells, single
nucleus
 Smooth muscles ensure movement in other internal
organs
 Characteristics: involuntary; both striated and smooth; composed
of intercalated disks 5
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM –MUSCLE TISSUE TYPES

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SELF-CHECK

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 Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and
striated
A. Cardiac
B. Intercalated
C. Smooth
D. Skeletal

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STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate and are known as

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muscle fibers
 They are thin, long, cylinder-shaped with rounded ends
 Sarcolemma. plasma membrane of muscle fibers (cells);
polarized
 Sarcoplasma. Cytoplasm of muscle fibers (nuclei and
mitochondria)
 Myofibrils. long ribbon-like organelles, which nearly fill the
cytoplasm. Composed of myofilaments
 Light and dark bands. Alternating dark and light bands along
the length of the perfectly aligned myofibrils give the muscle 8
cell as a whole its striped appearance.
STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE

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 Sarcomeres. chains of tiny contractile units called sarcomeres
that make up the myofibrils. These are aligned end to end like
boxcars in a train along the length of the myofibrils.

 Myofilaments. threadlike contractile proteins within myofibrils.

Two proteins: myosin, actin. Arranged in groups (sarcomeres)
that cause the cytoplasm to appear banded

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STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
 The skeletal muscle is divided into bundles of long

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tubes called fascicles.
 Each fascicle is a bundle of skeletal muscle cells or
fibers
 Each skeletal muscle cell is a bundle of myofibrils.
 Each myofibril is composed of myofilaments made up of
two key protein filaments – myosin and actin
 These proteins form a repeated unit called a sarcomere,
the structural and functional unit for muscle10
contraction.
SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL STRUCTURE

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES IN THE MUSCLE FIBERS
 The different bundles of tube-like structures are

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held together with connective tissue
 Epimysium – a tough, fibrous, connective tissue that
completely surrounds the outside of a whole muscle.
 Perimysium – fills the space around and between
fascicles
 Endomysium – surrounds each skeletal muscle cell and
serves to bind one skeletal muscle cell to another
 Aponeurosis – binds muscles to muscles
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STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Whatis the innermost layer of connective tissue in

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a muscle?

 What layer of connective tissue surrounds a

fascicle of muscle fibers?

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SKELETAL MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS

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 Connective tissue coverings blend into a connective
tissue attachment called tendon – cord-like structure
(dense regular connective tissue [DRCT]).
 Sometimes muscles attach to other muscles;
Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure (DRCT).
 Sites of muscle attachment
 Bonesusing tendons
 Connective tissue e.g. fascia

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 SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION
 Skeletal muscles must be

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stimulated by a nerve to contract
specifically the motor neuron.
 A Motor unit
 One neuron is to one Muscle cell
 Muscle force depends upon the
number of fibers stimulated.
 More fibers contracting results in

greater muscle tension.

 Muscles can continue to contract

unless they run out of energy or

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fatigue.
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION

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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tp9zQHj4JBs

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MOVEMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

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 Movement is attained due to
a muscle moving an
attached bone
 Muscles are attached to at

least two points

 Origin – attachment to a

immoveable bone
 Insertion – attachment to an

movable bone

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NAMING OF MUSCLES - CHARACTERISTICS

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Characteristic Example
Location Temporalis; near the skull’s
temple
Size Gluteus maximus; the largest
Shape Serratus anterior; serrated end
Direction (of fibers) External oblique; runs obliquely
Number of heads (points of Biceps brachii; two heads
attachment
Action Flexor digitorum; flexes toes
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NAMING OF MUSCLES – SEVEN CRITERIA

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 Location: eg. Temporalis

The temporalis is adjacent to the 19

temporal bone
NAMING OF MUSCLES – SEVEN CRITERIA

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 Shape: eg. Left trapezius muscle

The trapezius is roughly 20

trapezoidal
NAMING OF MUSCLES – SEVEN CRITERIA

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 Size: eg.
 Maximus – large
 Minimus – small
 Longus – long
 Brevis – short

The trapezius is roughly 21

trapezoidal
NAMING OF MUSCLES – SEVEN CRITERIA

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 Directionof muscle fibres: muscles run in a
particular direction in reference to a particular
line such as midline of the body or axis of a bone
eg femoris
 rectus – parallel
 transversus – perpendicular
 oblique – at some angle

The trapezius is roughly 22

trapezoidal
NAMING OF MUSCLES – SEVEN CRITERIA

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The rectus femoris runs parallel to 23

the long axis of the femur

NAMING OF MUSCLES – SEVEN CRITERIA

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 Number of orgins: eg.
 biceps – two origins
 Triceps – three origins
 quadriceps – four origins

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NAMING OF MUSCLES – SEVEN CRITERIA

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 Locationof attachement: point(s) of
attachement + point of insertion eg.
sternocleidomastoid
 Origins – stermum and clavicle
 Insertion – mastoid process

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NAMING OF MUSCLES – SEVEN CRITERIA

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 Type of motion: point(s) of attachement + point
of insertion eg. flexor, extensor, adductor

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SUPERFICIAL
MUSCLES – ANTERIOR

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SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES
– POSTERIOR

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SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES
– HEAD AND NECK

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MUSCLES MOVING THE SHOULDER AND UPPER LIMB

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UPPER LIMB

SHOULDER POSTERIOR

SHOULDER - ANTERIOR

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MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN

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MUSCLES OF THE LEGS

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EFFECTS OF AGING ON MUSCLES

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 Skeletal muscle tissue starts to be replaced by fibrous and
fatty tissue around the age of 30.
 Reflexes slowdown, loss of flexibility and decrease of strength.
 Change of muscle fibre-type from quick (white) to slow (red).
 At about age 40:
 Gradual loss of muscle cells
 Loss of power
 Decreased tendency to flex hips and knees
 Decrease in height

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SOME DISORDERS RELATED TO MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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 Muscular Dystrophy: inherited, muscle enlarge due to
increased fat and connective tissue, but fibers degenerate
and atrophy

 Duchenne MD: lacking a protein to maintain the

sarcolemma

 Myasthemia Gravis: progressive weakness due to a

shortage of acetylcholine receptors
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TERMINOLOGIES USED IN ABNORMAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

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 Spasm – involuntary contraction of one muscle
 Cramp – strong, painful spasm
 Atropy – loss of tissue
 Tetanus – multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
 Tic – involuntary twitches of muscles, usually under voluntary
control
 Tremor – rhythmical, involuntary contractions of opposite
groups of muscles
 Fasciculations – involuntary, short twitches on motor unit
visible under the skin
 Fibrilace – spontaneous contractions of fibres of one muscle 35

that aren´t visible under the skin

USEFUL SITES

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 https://nurseslabs.com/muscular-system-anatomy-physiol
ogy/

 https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nursingskills/chapter/13-2-mu
sculoskeletal-basic-concepts/

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