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Introd To IA Lect14 Robotics

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16 views16 pages

Introd To IA Lect14 Robotics

Uploaded by

James .O. Otieno
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSC 215 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence.

Lecture14
Robotics
Defining a robot
 The word robot comes from the Czech word robota,
meaning drudgery or slave-like labor.
 A robot is a programmable machine that imitates the
actions or appearance of an intelligent creature–usually a
human.
 To qualify as a robot, a machine has to be able to do two
things:
 1) get information from its surroundings, and
 2) do something physical–such as move or manipulate
objects.
Applications suitable for robots

 Dagerous tasks: Robots are used to relieve human beings


from dangerous tasks .e.g. Drones are used by military do
air surveillance in enemy territory during war while other
robots can go into dangerously polluted environments, like
chemical spills or radioactive "hot zones" in nuclear power
plants.
 Repetitive tasks: Robots are used to perform that require
repetitive, precise movements. E.g assembling car body
panels and weld them together, finishing and painting the
car bodies, and stack and move partially completed cars.
Human workers get bored in doing repetitive tasks (i.e
same task over and over), which can lead to fatigue and
costly mistakes. Robots don’t get bored.
 .
Applications suitable for robots

 Unpleasant Task: Robots perform many tasks that are


tedious and unpleasant, but necessary, such as welding,
fueling cars, cleaning or janitorial work
Applications suitable for robots

 Unpleasant Task examples


Types of robots

 There are two main categories of robots


 1. Mobile robots
 2. Fixed Robots
Types of robots

 Mobile robots: they can move their base from one location
to another.
 sub categories of mobile robots include:
 i) Animatronic systems: Robots that mimic and look like an
animal. Example are humanoids .
 ii) legged robots : robots that use legs to move between
locations
 iii) wheel robots : robots that use wheels to move from
one location to another.
Types of robots

Examples of Mobile Robots


Wheel robot Legged robot Legged robot
Examples of Mobile Robots
Types of robots
 humanoids
Types of robots

 Fixed Robots: Stationary robots that do not move from


location to another.
 They can not move their base away from the work being
done. Such robots use arms and end effectors to perform
activities such as manipulating objects in manufacturing
field
Examples
Characteristics of a Robot
 Sensing: Robot would have to be able to sense its surroundings
(enviroment) using sensors: such as light sensors, touch and
pressure sensors, chemical, hearing and sonar sensors, and taste
sensors will give your robot awareness of its environment.
 Movement: A robot needs to be able to move either the whole

robot moves or just parts of the robot. This can be done by rolling on
wheels, walking on legs, propelling by thrusters or moving its arms.
 Energy: A robot needs to be able to power itself. A robot might be

solar powered, electrically powered, battery powered.


 Intelligence: A robot needs some kind of “smartness” in order to be

able to operate in its environment. Artificial intelligent software


enable the robot to respond and adapt to its environment.
Parts of a Robot

 1. Arm: It position(or adjusts) the End effector and the


sensors that the robot will require. Most arms resemble the
human limb-the arm. Some of these arms have many
complex parts including fingers, wrists, and elbows. This
enables the robot different methods of movement.
 2. Drive : The drive is the engine of the robot. It enables
mobility and movements between the joints of the arm. It is
also known as the power supply which provides the energy
source for driving the manipulator. Electricity, pneumatic
(compressed air), or hydraulic (fluid) power supplies can be
used to provide motion for robots.
Parts of a Robot

3. The End Effector is the hand connected to the arm. In humans,


the End effector is the hand. It can be used as a gripper, or
mechanical devise that is attached to the wrist of the manipulator
in order to act on objects.
Left to right (x axis) movement of a gripper is called yaw. Up and
down (y axis) movement of the gripper is called pitch. Rotational
movement of the gripper is called roll.
4. Sensors: enable a robot to receive feedback(percepts) from
environment. Without a sensor a robot would be both blind and
deaf to its environment. A few common kinds of sensors are
listed below.
Parts of a Robot

 5. Controller: The controller functions as the "brain" of the


robot. A microprocessor or a microcomputer can be used
as controller for directing the movements of a robot.
 An example of robot controller
Parts of a Robot

6. Sensors
 A few common types of sensors are:

 Cameras -enable a robot to capture images on its

environment so that it can move freely without bumping


into something.
 Range finding devices : allow the robot to use electro

magnetic radiation for measuring the distance between


itself and surrounding objects
 Sonar sensors are used to measure the time it takes for an

acoustic pulse to propagate through air or water, and


return to a detector from a certain object.
Thank you

Questions

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