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Crystal Oscillators Leo

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10 views6 pages

Crystal Oscillators Leo

lio

Uploaded by

leologesh1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION:

Whenever an oscillator is under continuous operation, its frequency stability gets affected.
There occur changes in its frequency. The main factors that affect the frequency of an
oscillator are,
• Power supply variations
• Changes in temperature
• Changes in load or output resistance
In RC and LC oscillators the values of resistance, capacitance and inductance vary with
physical parameters(like temperature,pressure,etc,.) and
hence the frequency gets affected. In order to avoid this
problem, the piezo electric crystals are being used in oscillators.
Crystal oscillator is a colpitts oscillator in which the inductor
is replaced with the crystal.
Here the crystal is a quartz material that is placed between
two plates.
The shape of the crystal is hexagonal prism, topped by
a hexagonal pyramid.
PIEZO ELECTRIC EFFECT

The piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress. When mechanical stress is applied to one of the faces
of the crystal, a potential difference (voltage) is generated across the opposite faces of the
crystal.
Conversely, when a potential difference is applied across one of the faces, a mechanical
stress is produced along the other faces.

CRYSTAL OSILLATOR

The principle of crystal oscillators depends upon the Piezo electric effect.
The use of piezoelectric crystals in parallel resonant circuits provide high frequency
stability in oscillators. Such oscillators are called as Crystal Oscillators.
The crystal oscillator is preferred when greater frequency stability is required.
Types of Crystal Cuts:
X-cut crystals: Cuts perpendicular to the X-axis.
Suitable for lower frequency oscillations.
Y-cut crystals: Cuts parallel to the Y-axis.
Suitable for higher frequencies.
Working Principle:
The working of a crystal oscillator is based on the piezoelectric effect.
A crystal is placed between two metal plates.
If an AC voltage is applied, it starts to vibrate at a particular frequency. This natural
frequency is almost constant.
This frequency depends on the size, shape, and cut of the crystal.

Construction:
In a crystal oscillator circuit, the crystal is connected in series
between the collector and base of the transistor, acting as the
feedback element.
Resistors R1, R2, and RE provide stable DC bias, while
capacitor CE bypasses AC signals across the emitter resistor.
The RFC (radio frequency choke) isolates the AC signal from the
power supply, and coupling capacitor C blocks DC but allows AC
signals to pass between the collector and base.
Frequency response

The circuit's oscillation frequency is determined by the series resonant frequency(fs) of


the crystal:

The circuit's oscillation frequency is determined by the series resonant frequency (fp)of
the crystal:

Where,

The value of Cm is usually very large as compared to C. Therefore, the value of C T is


approximately equal to C and hence the series resonant frequency is approximately equal
to the parallel resonant frequency (i.e., f s = fp).
Advantages:
They produce stable frequencies and it can withstand time, temperature, and
variations in supply voltage.
 It can generate sinusoidal signals of very high frequencies.
The quality factor (Q) of the crystal is very high.
High Frequency Accuracy within the megahertz(MHz).
Low Cost
low power consumption

Disadvantages:
Crystals are fragile(damaged) and can be used in low power circuits.
The frequency of oscillations is fixed and cannot be changed.

Applications:
wristwatches, wall clocks
radio transmitters and receivers, mobile phones, and satellite communication
systems
Computers and Microprocessors

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