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Adiabatic Process

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views25 pages

Adiabatic Process

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shafinsq15
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Adiabatic Process

Adiabatic process
• An adiabatic process is one that occurs without
transfer of heat or matter between a
thermodynamic system and its surroundings.
• In an adiabatic process, energy is transferred only as
work
• Some chemical and physical processes occur so
rapidly that they may be conveniently described by
the "adiabatic approximation", meaning that there is
not enough time for the transfer of energy as heat to
take place to or from the system.
Adiabatic flame temperature
• An example,
• the adiabatic flame temperature is an idealization
that uses the "adiabatic approximation" so as to
provide an upper limit calculation of
temperatures produced by combustion of a fuel
• The adiabatic flame temperature is the
temperature that would be achieved by a flame if
the process of combustion took place in the
absence of heat loss to the surroundings.
Adiabatic Process
• A process that does not involve the transfer of heat or matter
into or out of a system, so that Q = 0, is called an adiabatic
process, and such a system is said to be adiabatically isolated
• For example, the compression of a gas within a cylinder of
an engine is assumed to occur so rapidly that on the time
scale of the compression process, little of the system's energy
can be transferred out as heat.
• Even though the cylinders are not insulated and are quite
conductive, that process is idealized to be adiabatic.
• The same can be said to be true for the expansion process of
such a system.
Adiabatic heating and cooling
• Adiabatic heating occurs when the pressure
of a gas is increased from work done on it by
its surroundings,
• e.g., a piston compressing a gas contained
within an adiabatic cylinder. This finds
practical application in diesel engines which
rely on the lack of quick heat dissipation
during their compression stroke to elevate the
fuel vapor temperature sufficiently to ignite it.
• Adiabatic heating occurs in the Earth's atmosphere when an
air mass descends, for example, in a Foehn wind, or chinook
wind flowing downhill over a mountain range. When a parcel
of air descends, the pressure on the parcel increases
• Due to this increase in pressure, the parcel's volume decreases
and its temperature increases as work is done on the parcel of
air, thus increasing its internal energy, which manifests itself by
a rise in the temperature of that mass of air.
• The parcel of air can only slowly dissipate the energy by
conduction or radiation (heat), and to a first approximation it
can be considered adiabatically isolated and the process an
adiabatic process.
Adiabatic cooling
• Adiabatic cooling occurs when the pressure on an
adiabatically isolated system is decreased, allowing it to
expand, thus causing it to do work on its surroundings.
• When the pressure applied on a parcel of air is reduced,
the air in the parcel is allowed to expand; as the volume
increases, the temperature falls as its internal energy
decreases.
• Adiabatic cooling occurs in the Earth's atmosphere with
orographic lifting and lee waves, and this can form
pileus or lenticular clouds.
• The mathematical equation for an ideal gas
undergoing a reversible (i.e., no entropy
generation) adiabatic process can be
represented by the equation

• PVn =Constant
• For a simple substance, during an adiabatic
process in which the volume increases, the
internal energy of the working substance must
decrease
Adiabatic Cases
• If the system has rigid walls such that
pressure–volume work cannot be done, and the
system walls are adiabatic (Q = 0), but energy
is added as isochoric work in the form of
friction or the stirring of a viscous fluid within
the system (W > 0), and there is no phase
change, the temperature of the system will
rise.
Isentropic process
• If the system walls are adiabatic (Q = 0), but not
rigid (W ≠ 0), and, in a fictive idealized process,
energy is added to the system in the form of
frictionless, non-viscous pressure–volume work,
and there is no phase change, the temperature of the
system will rise.
• Such a process is called an isentropic process and is
said to be "reversible". Fictively, if the process is
reversed, the energy added as work can be
recovered entirely as work done by the system
Isentropic Process
• If the work added is in such a way that friction
or viscous forces are operating within the
system, then the process is not isentropic, then
the temperature of the system will rise, the
process is said to be "irreversible", and the
work added to the system is not entirely
recoverable in the form of work.
• Naturally occurring adiabatic processes are
irreversible (entropy is produced).
Adiabatic processes
• The transfer of energy as work into an
adiabatically isolated system can be imagined as
being of two idealized extreme kinds.
• In one such kind, there is no entropy produced
within the system (no friction, viscous dissipation,
etc.), and the work is only pressure-volume work
(denoted by P dV). In nature, this ideal kind occurs
only approximately, because it demands an
infinitely slow process and no sources of
dissipation.
• The other extreme kind of work is isochoric work
(dV = 0), for which energy is added as work solely
through friction or viscous dissipation within the
system.

• A stirrer that transfers energy to a viscous fluid of


an adiabatically isolated system with rigid walls,
without phase change, will cause a rise in
temperature of the fluid, but that work is not
recoverable.
• Isochoric work is irreversible.
• The second law of thermodynamics observes
that a natural process, of transfer of energy as
work, always consists at least of isochoric
work and often both of these extreme kinds of
work.
• Every natural process, adiabatic or not, is
irreversible, with ΔS > 0, as friction or
viscosity are always present to some extent.
Adiabatic compression and expansion
• The adiabatic compression of a gas causes a
rise in temperature of the gas.
• Adiabatic expansion against pressure, or a
spring, causes a drop in temperature

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