Scribd
Upload
5 views

Week 1 - Chapter 18A

Uploaded by

nikrashida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Week 1 - Chapter 18A

Uploaded by

nikrashida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

CHAPTER 18:

INTRODUCTION TO
MASS TRANSFER
CHEN 2214 (SEMESTER 1 2024/2025)
WEEK 1
DR. NIK RASHIDA BINTI NIK ABDUL GHANI
5th_Edition_Christie_John_Geankoplis_A_Allen_Hersel_Daniel_H_Lepek
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.
Objectives

2
INTRODUCTION

Three fundamental transfer processes:

i) Momentum transfer (∆P)


ii) Heat transfer (∆T)
iii) Mass transfer (∆C)

3
Summary of Mass, Heat and Momentum Transfer
Processes

4
Similarity of Mass, Heat and Momentum Transfer
Processes

• Momentum transfer occurs in such operations as fluid flow,


mixing, sedimentation and filtration
• Heat transfer occurs in conductive and convective transfer of
heat; evaporation, distillation and drying
• Mass transfer occurs in distillation , absorption, drying,
liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, ion exchange,
crystallization and membrane processes.

• When mass or heat is being transferred from one distinct phase to


another, or through a single phase the basic mechanisms are
the same whether the phase is a gas , liquid or solid.

5
18.1A Similarity of Mass, Heat and Momentum
Transfer Processes

• General molecular transport equation- all three of the molecular


transport process- momentum, heat and mass-characterized by
same general type of equation

6
Momentum transfer Heat transfer Mass transfer

Newton’s law Fourier’s law Fick’s law

• All the fluxes on left-hand side have as units transfer of a quantity


of momentum, heat or mass per unit time per unit area.
• The transport properties all have units of m2/s and the
concentrations are represented as momentum/m3, J/m3 and kg
mol/m3. 7
• Many of theoretical equations and empirical correlations for turbulent
transport to various geometries are also quite similar.

• Mass transfer somewhat similar to the heat transfer with Fourier’s law of
conduction. However an important difference is that molecular mass
transfer , one or more of the components of the medium is moving.

• In heat transfer by conduction the medium is usually stationary and only


energy in the form of heat is being transported.

• Mass transfer occurs when a component in a mixture migrates in the


same phase or from phase to phase because of a difference in
concentration between two points.

8
DEFINITION OF MASS TRANSFER
 The term mass transfer is used to denote the transference of a component in a mixture

from a region where its concentration is high to a region where the concentration
is lower.

 Mass transfer process can take place in a medium of gas (vapor) or in a liquid,

 It can result from the random velocities of the molecules (molecular diffusion) or

from the circulating or eddy currents present in a turbulent fluid (eddy diffusion).
18.1B EXAMPLES OF MASS TRANSFER

 Consider a tank that is divided into two equal parts by a partition.

 Initially, the left half of the tank contains nitrogen N2 gas while

the right half contains O2 at the same temperature and pressure.

 When the partition is removed the N2 molecules will start

diffusing into the air while the O2 molecules diffuse into the N2.

 If we wait long enough, we will have a homogeneous mixture of

N2 and O2 in the tank.


11
12
CLASSIFICATION OF SEPARATION PROCESSES

 Evaporation: evaporation of a volatile solvent from a nonvolatile solute, e.g. water


from nonvolatile solute (salt).
 Drying: removal of volatile liquids, e.g. water from solid materials.
 Distillation: components of a liquid mixture are separated by boiling due to
differences in vapor pressure.
 Absorption: removal of a component from a gas stream by treatment with a liquid.
 Membrane separation: separation of a solute from a fluid by diffusion of the solute
from a liquid or gas through a semi-permeable membrane barrier to the other fluid.
 Liquid-liquid extraction: removal of a solute from a liquid solution by contacting
with another liquid solvent that is relatively immiscible with the solution.
SEPARATION PROCESSES

 Adsorption: removal of a component (adsorbate) from a gas or liquid stream by


adsorption on a solid material (adsorbent).
 Ion exchange: removal of certain ions in a solution from a liquid by an ion-
exchange solid.
 Liquid-solid leaching: removal of a solute from a solid (containing the solute)
by treating with a liquid that dissolves out the solute from the solid.
 Crystallization: removal of a solute, such as a salt from a solution, by
precipitation the solute from the solution.
 Mechanical-physical separation: separation of solids, liquids, or gases by
mechanical means. E.g. filtration, centrifugation, settling, and size reduction.
18.1C Fick’s Law for molecular diffusion

• Molecular diffusion can be defined as the


transfer or movement of individual molecules
through a fluid by means of the random,
individual movements of the molecules.

• Molecular diffusion is often called a random-walk


process since the molecules travel in a random
path

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNsBFQ8LHqM

15
• If there are greater number of A molecules near point 1
than at 2 then, since molecules diffuse randomly in both
direction, more A molecules will diffuse from 1 to 2 than
from 2 to 1 .

• The net diffusion of A is from high-to-low


concentration regions. 16
Example The dye
molecules will
diffuse slowly by
molecular
diffusion to all
parts of water

To increase this


rate of mixing, the
liquid can be
mechanically
agitated by a
spoon –
convective mass
transfer occur 17
The general Fick’s law equation can be written as follows for
a binary mixture of A and B:

18
19
CONCENTRATIONS
Relation Between Partial Pressure and Concentration
for gas

You might also like