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PvA Chemical and Nervous Control

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20 views34 pages

PvA Chemical and Nervous Control

Uploaded by

Domingo III Benjamin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coordination in Plants

Coordination refers to orderly functioning of different but interrelated parts to carry out one or more activities smoothly. Since the
nervous system doesn’t exist in plants, they use a chemical system. Plants coordinate their behavior against environmental changes
with the aid of hormones. Plants have a number of hormones that allow them to coordinate growth and environmental response.
These are the chemical compounds which are released by stimulated cells. Hormones are diffused around the cell.
The following hormones are present in plants:
• Auxins – synthesized at the tip of the stem and help in plant growth by elongating the cell.
• Gibberellins- concerned with the growth of the stem, seed germination, and flowering.
• Cytokinins – present in the areas of cell division as in fruits and seeds. Also helps in the opening of stomata.
• Abscisic acid- inhibits the growth of many parts and responsive for the closure of stomata
The hormones in plants known as Phytohormones coordinate their behavior by
affecting their growth. The growth movements in plants are either directional or
nondirectional.
Directional
Movements
Directional changes are called tropic movements. Tropic movements are the one that occurs in the direction of the stimulus.
Positive phototropism is responding by bending towards the sunlight which can be seen in shoots. Roots exhibit negative
phototropism by bending away from the light and show positive geotropism by growing toward the ground. Chemotropism is
a movement of growth in plants in response to a chemical stimulus like the growth of pollen tubes towards ovules.
Nondirectional
Movements
Control and
Coordination
in Animals
Nervous system and the hormonal system are two important
aspects of control and coordination in animals.
The Nervous
System
Neurons are the functional and structural unit of the nervous system. The main function of these neurons is
to receive external stimuli and then send them to the brain so that the brain in turn can read those signals
and direct them to the necessary parts of the body to take proper action. The transfer of messages takes
place through electrical impulses which move throughout the body through nerve fibers
The Neuron
The unique structure of neurons makes them specialized for receiving and transmitting electrical impulses
throughout the body. Neurons are supported by glial cells, which surround, protect, and insulate them.
All neurons have several features in common, including a cell body, dendrites, and an
axon. These structures are important for transmitting neural impulses, electrical signals
that allow neurons to communicate with one another. Synapse in between neurons
contain neurotransmitters that facilitate the transmission of an impulse.
Parts of the Nervous System
The nervous system is made up of two parts:
the central nervous system (CNS) and the
peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord.
Commands to the body originate in the brain
and the spinal cord connects the brain with
the rest of the nerves in the body.
The Brain
The brain is an organ that is made up of a large mass of nerve tissue that is protected within the skull. It plays a role in just about every major body
system.
Some of its main functions include:
• processing sensory information
• regulating blood pressure and breathing
• releasing hormones
Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It’s divided into two halves, called
hemispheres. The two hemispheres are separated by a groove called the
interhemispheric fissure. It’s also called the longitudinal fissure. Each hemisphere of the
cerebrum is divided into broad regions called lobes.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the back of the brain, just below the occipital lobes. It’s involved with
fine motor skills, which refers to the coordination of smaller, or finer, movements, especially those
involving the hands and feet. It also helps the body maintain its posture, equilibrium, and balance.
Diencephalon
The diencephalon is located at the base of the brain. It contains the: • thalamus •
epithalamus • hypothalamus
The thalamus acts as a kind of relay station for signals coming into the brain. It’s also
involved in consciousness, sleep, and memory. The epithalamus serves as a connection
between the limbic system and other parts of the brain. The limbic system is a part of
the brain that’s involved with emotion, long-term memory, and behavior.
The hypothalamus helps maintain homeostasis. This refers to the balance of all bodily functions.
• maintaining daily physiological cycles, such as the sleep-wake cycle
• controlling appetite
• regulating body temperature
• controlling the producing and release of hormones
Brain stem
The brain stem is located in front of the cerebellum and connects to the spinal cord. It
consists of three major parts:
• Midbrain. The midbrain helps control eye movement and
processes visual and auditory information.
• Pons. This is the largest part of the brain stem. It’s located below the midbrain. It’s a group of nerves
that help connect different parts of the brain. The pons also contains the start of some of the cranial
nerves. These nerves are involved in facial movements and transmitting sensory information.
• Medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain. It
acts as the control center for the function of the heart and lungs. It helps regulate
many important functions, including breathing, sneezing, and swallowing.

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