DYNAMICS

Dr. Nayan Biswas (B.N.Y.S.)

Assistant Professor (FNYS)
University of Patanjali
 MECHANICS

• It is the branch of Physics, which deals with

the study of motion of physical bodies.

Mechanics can be broadly classified into

following branches
 STATICS

It is the branch of mechanics,

which deals with the study of
physical bodies at rest.
 KINEMATICS

It is the branch of mechanics, which

deals with study of motion of
physical bodies without taking into
account the factors, which causes
motion.
 DYNAMICS

It is the branch of mechanics, which

deals with the study of motion of
physical bodies taking into account
the factors which causes motion.
 REST AND MOTION
• Rest :-
An object is said to be at rest if it does not changes its position with
respect to the surrounding.
The white board in the classroom is at rest with respect to the classroom

• Motion :-
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to
the surrounding.
When we walk, run or ride a bike we are in motion with respect to the
ground.
 REST AND MOTION ARE
RELATIVE
• Rest and motion depends upon the observer. The
object in one situation may be at rest whereas the
same object in another situation may be in
motion.

• The driver of a moving car is in motion with

respect to an observer standing on the ground
whereas, the same driver is at rest with respect to
the man(observer) in the passengers seat.
 POSITION, DISTANCE,
DISPLACEMENT
Position :-
• Position of an object is always defined with respect to some reference
point which we generally refer to as origin.
• To define the change in position we have two physical quantities.

Distance :-
• It is the actual path traversed by the body during the course of motion
• SI unit is ‘m’
• Dimensions [M0L1T0]
 Displacement :-

• It is the difference between the final and initial positions

of the object during the course of motion
• SI unit is ‘m’
• Dimensions [M0L1T0]
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Distance Displacement
It is the actual path traversed by the It is the difference between the initial and
object during the course of motion the final positions
∆x = x – x where, x and x are final and
initial
2 1 2 1

position respectively
It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
The distance travelled by an object during The displacement of an object may be
the course of motion is never negative or positive, negative or, zero during the
zero and is always positive course of motion
The distance travelled is either equal or The magnitude of displacement is less
greater than or equal
than displacement and is never less than to the distance travelled during the course
magnitude of displacement Distance ≥ | of motion

Displacement|
The distance depends upon the path The magnitude of displacement is
travelled independent of the path taken by an object
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPEED AND
VELOCITY
Speed Velocity
It is defined as the total path length It is defined as the change in position or
travelled divided by the total time interval displacement divided by the time intervals, in

during which the motion has taken place which displacement occurs of

It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity

It is always positive during the course of the It may be positive, negative or zero during the
motion course of the motion

It is greater than or equal to the magnitude It is less than or equal to the speed
of velocity
 NOTE

If the motion of an object is along a straight line and in the

same direction, the magnitude of displacement is equal to
the total path length. In that case, the magnitude of
average velocity is equal to the average speed. This is not
always the case. The average velocity tells us how fast an
object has been moving over a given interval but does not
tell us how fast it moves at different instants of time during
that interval.
 SCALAR AND VECTOR
QUANTITIES
 Scalar quantities :-
The physical quantities which have only magnitude but no direction, are
called scalar quantities.
Example:- mass, length, time, distance, speed, work, temperature

Vector quantities :-
• The physical quantities which have magnitude as well as
direction, are called vector quantities.
• Example:- displacement, velocity, acceleration, force,
momentum, torque
 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND AVERAGE
SPEED

• Average velocity :-
• It is defined as the change in position or displacement
divided by the time intervals, in which
displacement occurs
• SI unit of velocity is m/s, although km/hr is used in many
everyday applications
• Dimensions [M0L1T-1]
 AVERAGE SPEED

It is defined as the total path length travelled

divided by the total time interval during which
the motion has taken place .

SI unit m/s

Dimensions [M0L1T-1]
 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND
INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
Instantaneous velocity
• It is velocity at an instant t. The velocity at an instant is defined
as the limit of the average velocity as the time interval ∆t
becomes infinitesimally small.
• Instantaneous velocity = Lt (∆x/∆t) = dx/dt
• The quantity on the right hand side of Eq is the differential
coefficient of x with respect to t and is denoted by dx/dt.
• It is the rate of change of position with respect to time at that
instant.
• SI unit is m/s
• Dimensions [M0L1T-1]
 INSTANTANEOUS SPEED

Instantaneous speed or speed is the

magnitude of velocity

SI unit is m/s

Dimensions [M0L1T-1]
 ACCELERATION
Average Acceleration :-
• The average acceleration over a time interval is defined
as the change of velocity divided by the time interval :
a = (v – v )/(t – t )
2 1 2 1

where, v and v are velocities at time t and t .

• It is the average change of velocity per unit time. SI
unit m/s2
• Dimensions [M0L1T-2]
 INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION

• Instantaneous acceleration is defined in the same

way as the instantaneous velocity :
a =lim/∆t→0 (∆v/∆t) = dv/dt
• SI unit m/s2
• Dimensions [M0L1T-2]
• When the acceleration is uniform, obviously,
instantaneous acceleration equals the average
acceleration over that period
• Since velocity is a quantity having both magnitude
and direction, a change in the velocity may involve
either or both of these factors.
• Acceleration, therefore, may result from a change in
the speed(magnitude), a change in direction or
changes in both.
• Like velocity, acceleration can also be positive,
negative or zero.
 NOTE
• We will restrict ourselves to
the study of constant
acceleration for this chapter.
In this case average
acceleration equals the
constant value of
acceleration during the
interval
• If the velocity of an object is
v at t=0 and v at time t, we
have a = v – v0 t – 0
 GRAPHS
• Uniform motion :-
• In an uniform motion a body covers equal distance in equal
interval of time.
• Velocity is constant during the course of motion
• Acceleration is zero during the course of motion
• If we try to represent the same on the number line with x,
v, a on the Y-axis and t on the X-axis then we will have
 NON-UNIFORM MOTION

• Uniformly accelerated
motion
• Accelerated motion
• Magnitude of Velocity
increases or
decreases with time
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
• Some quantities can be described by a single number. For example, mass,
time, distance and speed can be described using a single number. These
are called scalar quantities.
• To express someone how to get to a location from some other location,
one piece of information is not enough. To describe this fully, both
distance and displacement are required.
• Quantities which require both magnitude and direction to describe a
situation fully are known as vectors. For example, displacement and
velocity are vectors.
• The vectors are denoted by putting an arrow over the symbols
representing them.
• For example, AB vector can be represented by AB .
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
• Unit vector
• Addition, subtraction and scalar
multiplication of vectors
• Parallel vectors
• Zero vector
• Resolution of vectors
• Dot product or scalar product of two vectors
 MOTION IN 2D (PLANE)
Position vector and Displacement
• Average velocity
• Instantaneous velocity
• Average acceleration
• Instantaneous acceleration
PROJECTILE MOTION
• Analysis of velocity in case of a projectile
• Equation of trajectory
RELATIVE MOTION
RIVER–BOAT PROBLEMS
RELATIVE VELOCITY OF RAIN WITH RESPECT TO A MOVING
MAN