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The Cell Structures and Functions

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9 views

The Cell Structures and Functions

Uploaded by

ramil.natan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell

Structures
and
Functions
 Human cells vary in size, shape,
and function.

 Ourcells function interdependently


to maintain homeostasis.
Cell Structure
 the major parts of a cell are:
 the cell membrane,
 nucleus (except mature RBCs),
 cytoplasm, and cell organelles
Cell membrane
 theselectively permeable boundary of
the cell.
 Phospholipids permit diffusion of lipid-
soluble materials.
 Cholesterol provides stability.
 Proteins form channels, transporters,
“self” antigens, and receptor sites for
hormones or other signaling molecules.
Nucleus
 the control center of the cell; has a double-
layer membrane.
 Nucleolus—forms ribosomal RNA.
 Chromosomes—made of DNA and protein;
 DNA is the genetic code for the structure and
functioning of the cell.
 A gene is a segment of DNA that is the code
for one protein.
 Human cells have 46 chromosomes, and their
genetic information is called the genome.
Cytoplasm and Organelles
 Cytoplasm
 a watery solution of minerals, gases, and
organic molecules; contains the cell
organelles; site for many chemical
reactions.
 Cell organelles
 intracellular structures with specific
functions
Cellular Transport
Mechanisms
 the processes by which cells take in
or secrete or excrete materials
through the selectively permeable
cell membrane
Diffusion
 movement of molecules from an area of
greater concentration to an area of
lesser concentration; occurs because
molecules have free energy:
 They are constantly in motion.
 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged by diffusion in the lungs and
tissues.
Osmosis
 the diffusion of water.
 Water diffuses to an area of less water,
that is, to an area of more dissolved
material.
 The small intestine absorbs water from
digested food by osmosis.
 Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
Facilitated diffusion
 transporters (carrier enzymes) that are
part of the cell membrane permit cells
to take in materials that would not
diffuse by themselves.
 Most cells take in glucose by facilitated
diffusion.
Active transport
 A cell uses ATP to move substances from an
area of lesser concentration to an area of
greater concentration.
 Nerve cells and muscle cells have sodium
pumps to return Na ions to the exterior of
the cells; this prevents spontaneous
impulses.
 Cells of the small intestine absorb glucose
and amino acids from digested food by
active transport.
Filtration
 pressure forces water and dissolved
materials through a membrane from an
area of higher pressure to an area of lower
pressure.
 Tissue fluid is formed by filtration:
 Blood pressure forces plasma and dissolved
nutrients out of capillaries and into tissues.
 Blood pressure in the kidney capillaries
creates filtration, which is the first step in the
formation of urine.
Endocytosis
 Phagocytosis
 a moving cell engulfs something; white
blood cells phagocytize bacteria to
destroy them.
 Pinocytosis
 a stationary cell engulfs small molecules;
kidney tubule cells reabsorb small
proteins by pinocytosis
Cell Division
 Mitosis
 Meiosis
 PARENT CELL : original cell that
undergone cell division to replicate itself
 DAUGHTER CELL : newly formed cell
after cell division
 DIPLOID : 46 chromosomes
 HAPLOID : 23 chromosomes
Mitosis
 one cell with the diploid number of chromosomes divides
once to form two cells, each with the diploid number of
chromosomes (46 for humans).
 DNA replication forms two sets of chromosomes during
interphase.
 Stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.
 Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm following
telophase.
 Mitosis is essential for growth and for repair and replacement
of damaged cells.
 Most adult nerve and muscle cells seem unable to divide;
their loss may involve permanent loss of function.
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
Meiosis
 one cell with the diploid number of
chromosomes divides twice to form four
cells, each with the haploid number of
chromosomes (23 for humans).
 Oogenesis in the ovaries forms egg cells.
 Spermatogenesis in the testes forms
sperm cells.
 Fertilization of an egg by a sperm restores
the diploid number in the fertilized egg.
-END-

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