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Power point on aerb guidelines, renal transplantation, functional mri, xray filters grids beam restrictions and left atrial myxoma case

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srinija pallapolu
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10 views

Fdocuments - in Filters Grids Beams

Power point on aerb guidelines, renal transplantation, functional mri, xray filters grids beam restrictions and left atrial myxoma case

Uploaded by

srinija pallapolu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

SRINIJA
FILTERS 2

Why?
Types of Filtration
3
 Inherent  Added filtration
Filtration Intentionally added
Absorption by tube
Added filtration 4
 Types
 Aluminium[m/c]
 Compound[Al+Cu]-high energy
xray
 Wedge - uniform density- Angio of
H&N
 Peripheral-LL Angio –plastic/silicon
Cu
 Molybdenum- Mammography
FILTERS 5

 Adv
 Low energy absorption
 Decrease dose to patient
 Increase quality of radiograph

 Disadv
 Decrease some energy of
photons
 High tube loading
BEAM RESTRICTORS 6

 Limit size of primary beam and prevent


exposure of body region not required in
image production.
 Also large fields result in increased scattered
radiation and decreased image contrast
 device that is attached to the X-ray tube
housing, to regulating the size and shape of
an X-ray beam
TYPES 7
1.Aperture diaphragm 2.Cones and Cylinders
3.Collimators
Aperture Diaphragm 8

 Sheet of lead with a hole in the center


 Size of the hole determines the size and shape
of the X-ray beam
 Can be altered to any size and shape

Disadvantage:
penumbra
Cones or Cylinders 9

These systems provide limited number of


field sizes
Collimator 10

best beam restrictor


defines the size and shape
of X-ray field
attached to the tube
consists of two sets of shutters.
Namely Longitudinal and Transverse
can be moved independently
Shutter consists of four or more lead plates
 The collimator also has a light and
mirror arrangement, to illuminate the 11

X-ray field
 The light bulb is positioned laterally
and the mirror is mounted in the path
of the X-ray beam at an angle 45
degree
 Xray target and light bulb should be
exactly at the same distance from
center of the mirror
 Collimators have aback up system
for identifying field size incase the
light bulb burn out
Positive beam lighting device/
Automatic collimator
 When a cassette is loaded in to film holder ,
sensors in the tray identify the size and
alignment of cassette.
 These sensors relay the information to the
collimator motors, which position the
shutters to exactly match the size of the film
being used
Grids 13

WHY?
14

Grid ratio
 The ratio of the height to the width of the spacer
between the lead strips
Grid ratio=h/b
Range =4 to 16 strip line
Densities =25 to 60 lines per cm
 Types of Grids 15

Based on orientatin of lead strips


 Linear Crossed
parallel to each other in their Two superimposed linear grids that have
longitudinal axis same focusing distance
Focused grid Parallel grid
 lead strips that are angled  lead strips are parallel, when
16
slightly so that they focus in viewed in a cross section
space
 A focused grid may be linear or
crossed
Moving grid 17
 When a focused or parallel grid is used, each
lead strip will appear on the radiograph as a
very fine line.
 These lines may spoil the information in the
film.
 These lines may be removed by moving grid
during
The use the radiographic
of grid exposure
will always increase the
exposure, because it will absorb some of the
primary radiation
Grid performance
1
8
1.Primary transmission[Tp]
-% of primary radiation transmitted through a grid
-xray beam collimated to a narrow pencil of radiation
and phantom is placed at greater distance from grid.
With this no scattered radiation can reach grid
2.Bucky factor 3.Contrast 1
9

improvement
factor
Grid cutoff 2
 Loss of primary radiation when images of lead strips projected
0
wider than they would be with magnification
 Situations:
1.Upside down focus grid 2.Lateral decentering
N focus of grid>> x ray tube x ray tube positioned lateral to
convergent line at correct focal
distance
distance
3 Focus Grid distance decentering 2
1
 X ray tube is correctly centered to grid,but positioned
above or below convergent line
 Above– far focus grid distance decentering
 Below– near focus grid distance decentering
4 Combined lateral and focud grid distance 2
decentering 2
 Combination of lateral tube placement and focal point near/
far placement
 Uneven exposure resulting in film light on one side and dark
on other side
AIR GAP TECHNIQUES 2
3
Scatter radiation arising in patient from Compton
reactions disperses in all directions, so patient acts
like a large light bulb.
Scattered decreases not from filtration but from
photons missing in the film

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