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Principle of Electronic Part2

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14 views

Principle of Electronic Part2

Uploaded by

amedpv56
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Series Diode Configurations

Forward Bias
Constants
• Silicon Diode: VD = 0.7 V
• Germanium Diode: VD = 0.3 V

Analysis (for silicon)


• VD = 0.7 V (or VD = E if E < 0.7 V)
• VR = E – V D
• ID = IR = IT = VR / R

1
Series Diode Configurations

Reverse Bias
Diodes ideally behave as open circuits

Analysis
• VD = E
• VR = 0 V
• ID = 0 A

2
Parallel Configurations

V 0.7 V
D
V V  V 0.7 V
D1 D2 O
V 9.3 V
R
E V 10 V  .7 V
I  D   28 mA
R R .33kΩ
28 mA
I I  14 mA
D1 D2 2

3
PN-junction diodes: Applications

• Diode applications:
–Rectifiers
–Switching diodes
–Zener diodes
–Varactor diodes (Varactor =
Variable reactance)
Half-Wave Rectification

The diode only


conducts when it is
forward biased,
therefore only half
of the AC cycle
passes through the
diode to the
output.

The DC output voltage is 0.318Vm, where Vm = the peak AC voltage.

5
Half-Wave Rectifier Circuits
Half-Wave Rectifier with Smoothing Capacitor

Large
Capacitanc
e
Start

Forward bias Reverse bias


charge cycle discharge cycle
Example:
• (a) Sketch the output vo and
determine the dc level of the output
for the network

• (b) Repeat part (a) if the ideal diode


is replaced by a silicon diode.

• (c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) if Vm is


increased to 200 V and compare
solutions
Solution:
(a) In this situation the diode will conduct during the negative part of the input as
shown in Fig. and vo will appear as shown in the same figure. For the full
period, the dc level is
Solution:
• (b) Using a silicon diode,
the output has the
appearance of Fig.
Full-Wave Rectification

The rectification process can be improved by


using a full-wave rectifier circuit.

Full-wave rectification produces a greater


DC output:

• Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm


• Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm

12
Full-Wave Rectification

Bridge Rectifier
• Four diodes are connected in a
bridge configuration
• VDC = 0.636Vm

13
Full-Wave Dual-Supply
• By grounding the center tap, we have two
opposite AC sources
– the diode bridge now presents + and  voltages relative to ground
– each can be separately smoothed/regulated
– cutting out diodes A and D makes a half-wave rectifier

AC source
A B
voltages seen by loads

C + load
D
 load

can buy pre-packaged diode bridges


Full-Wave Rectification

Center-Tapped Transformer
Rectifier
Requires
• Two diodes
• Center-tapped transformer

VDC = 0.636Vm

15
Summary of Rectifier Circuits
Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC

Half Wave Rectifier VDC = 0.318Vm VDC = 0.318Vm – 0.7

Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 2(0.7 V)

Center-Tapped Transformer VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 0.7 V


Rectifier

Vm = peak of the AC voltage.

In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC voltage


is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.

16
Diode Clippers

The diode in a series clipper “clips”


any voltage that does not forward
bias it:
• • A reverse-biasing polarity
• A forward-biasing polarity less than
0.7 V (for a silicon diode)

Vo
Forward
Reverse

Vin
0.7

17
Biased Clippers

Adding a DC source in
series with the clipping
diode changes the
effective forward bias
of the diode.

Vo
Forward
Reverse

0.7-V Vi

18
Parallel Clippers

The diode in a parallel clipper


circuit “clips” any voltage that
forward bias it.

DC biasing can be added in


series with the diode to change
the clipping level.
Vo
Forward
Reverse

Vin
0.7

19
Summary of Clipper Circuits

more…

20
Summary of Clipper Circuits

21
Clampers

A diode and capacitor can be


combined to “clamp” an AC
signal to a specific DC level.

22
Biased Clamper Circuits

The input signal can be any type


of waveform such as sine,
square, and triangle waves.

The DC source lets you adjust


the DC camping level.

23
Summary of Clamper Circuits

25
Zener Diodes

The Zener is a diode operated


in reverse bias at the Zener
Voltage (Vz).

• When Vi  VZ
– The Zener is on
– Voltage across the Zener is VZ
– Zener current: IZ = IR – IRL
– The Zener Power: PZ = VZIZ

• When Vi < VZ
– The Zener is off
– The Zener acts as an open circuit

26
Zener Resistor Values
If R is too large, the Zener diode cannot conduct because the available amount of
current is less than the minimum current rating, IZK. The minimum current is
given by:
I Lmin  I R  I ZK

The maximum value of resistance is:


VZ
RLmax 
I Lmin

If R is too small, the Zener current exceeds the maximum current


rating, IZM . The maximum current for the circuit is given by:
VL V
I L max   Z
RL RL min
The minimum value of resistance is:
RV Z
RL min 
Vi  VZ

27
EXAMPLE

Solution

Since V = 8.73 V is less than VZ = 10 V, the diode is in the “off”


state
EXAMPLE CONT.
EXAMPLE CONT.
• (b)

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