1-5 LAYERED TASKS

 A network model is a layered architecture

 Task broken into subtasks
 Implemented separately in layers in stack
 Functions need in both systems
 Peer layers communicate

 Protocol:
 A set of rules that governs data communication
 It represents an agreement between the
communicating devices
Tasks involved in sending a letter
1-5.1 THE OSI MODEL

Established in 1947, the International

Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards.

An ISO is the Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI) model is the standard that covers all
aspects of network communications from
ISO. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
 ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.

Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
Layered Architecture
Layers
Seven layers of the OSI model
Layer 7. Application

Layer 6. Presentation
Layer 5. Session

Receiver
Layer 4. Transport
Sender

Layer 3. Network

Layer 2. Data Link

Layer 1. Physical
Layered Architecture
 A layered model
 Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
 Each layer relies on the next lower layer to
perform more primitive functions
 Each layer provides services to the next higher
layer
 Changes in one layer should not require changes
in other layers
 The processes on each machine at a given layer
are called peer-to-peer process
 PEER – TO – PEER PROCESS
 Communication must move downward through the layers
on the sending device, over the communication channel,
and upward to the receiving device
 Each layer in the sending device adds its own
information to the message it receives from the layer just
above it and passes the whole package to the layer just
below it
 At the receiving device, the message is unwrapped layer
by layer, with each process receiving and removing the
data meant for it
 PEER – TO – PEER PROCESS
 The passing of the data and network information down
through the layers of the sending device and backup
through the layers of the receiving device is made
possible by interface between each pair of adjacent
layers
 Interface defines what information and services a layer
must provide for the layer above it.
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
An exchange using the OSI model
LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer
Physical Layer
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to
carry a bit stream over a physical medium.
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
 Physical layer is also concerned with the following:
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and media

 Representation of bits

 Data rate

 Synchronization of bits

 Line configuration (point-to-point or multipoint)

 Physical topology (mesh, star, ring or bus)

 Transmission mode ( simplex, half-duplex or duplex)

Physical layer
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

 Other Responsibilities of DLL are:

 Framing

 Physical addressing

 Flow control

 Error control

 Access control
Data link layer
Hop-to-hop delivery
Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

 Source-to-destination delivery
 Responsible from the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final destination
 Other Responsibilities/Functions
 Logical addressing

 routing
Network layer
Source-to-destination delivery
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.

 Process-to- process delivery

 Other Responsibilities/Functions
 Port addressing
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Connection control ( Connection-oriented or connection-less)
 Flow control
 Error control
Transport layer

Segmentation and reassembly

Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
Session Layer
The services provided by the first three layers (physical,
data link, and network) are not sufficient for some
processes.
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
 It establishes, maintains and synchronize the
interaction between communicating system
 Other Responsibilities/Functions
 Dialog control
 Synchronization (checkpoints/ synchronization
points)
Session layer

Synchronization
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.

 Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the

information exchanged between two system
 Other Responsibilities/Functions
 Translation
 Encryption and Decryption
 Compression
Presentation layer
Application Layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.

 Other Responsibilities/Functions
 Network virtual terminal (Remote log-in)
 File transfer and access
 Mail services
 Directory services (Distributed Database)
 Accessing the World Wide Web
Application layer
Summary of layers
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not

exactly match those in the OSI model. The
original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when
TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers:
physical, data link, network, transport, and
application.
OSI Model
TCP/IP and OSI model

TCP/IP Model
Internet Layer (Network Layer)

• TCP/IP support the Internet Protocol IP

( unreliable and connection less).
• IP is a host-to-host protocol.
Supporting protocols:
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
• Internet Control Massage Protocol (ICMP)
• Internet Group Massage Protocol (IGMP)
Transport Layer

• Process-to-process protocols.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol. The term stream,
in this context, means connection-oriented:
 A connection must be established between both end of a transmission
before either can transmit data.

• Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

1-6 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an

internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:
physical, logical, port, and specific.

Figure: Addresses in TCP/IP

Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
Physical Address
• It is also known as the MAC address or link
address.
• It is the address of a node as defined by its
LAN or WAN
• It is included in the frame used by data link
layer

The physical addresses in the datagram may change

from hop to hop.
Physical Address

Physical addresses are imprinted on the

NIC. Most local-area networks (Ethernet)
use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written
as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.

Example:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical
address.
 Example 1

• In the given below Figure, a node with physical

address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical
address 87. The two nodes are connected by a
link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the
computer with physical address 10 is the sender,
and the computer with physical address 87 is the
receiver.
• The data link layer at the sender receives data
from an upper layer. It encapsulates the data in a
frame, adding a header and a trailer.
 Example 1

• Each station with a physical addresses other than

87 drops the frame because the destination
address in the frame does not match its own
physical address.
• The intended destination computer, however, finds
a match between the destination address in the
frame and its own physical address.
• The frame is checked, the header and trailer are
dropped, and the data part is decapsulated and
delivered to the upper layer.
Figure: Physical Addresses
Logical Address

 Logical addresses are necessary for universal

communications that are independent of physical
network.
 Physical addresses are not adequate in an
internetwork environment where different networks
can have different address formats.
 A universal addressing system is needed in which
each host can be identified uniquely, regardless of
the underlying physical network.
Logical Address

 IP addresses in the Internet are 32-bit address that

uniquely define a host.

 No two host address on the internet can have the

same IP address.

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
 Example 2

• The below figure shows a part of an internet with two

routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection.
• The computer with logical address A and physical address
10 needs to send a packet to the computer with logical
address P and physical address 95.
• Here, letters are used to show the logical addresses and
numbers for physical addresses, but note that both are
actually numbers,
Figure: IP Addresses
Port addresses

Port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal

number ranged from (0-65535) to choose a process among
multiple processes on the destination host.
Destination port number is needed for delivery.
Source port number is needed for receiving a reply as an
acknowledgments.

In TCP/IP , a 16-bit port address represented

as one single number. Example: 753

The physical addresses change from hop to hop,

but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.
Port addresses

• The IP address and the physical address are necessary for a

quantity of data to travel from a source to the destination host.
• However, arrival at the destination host is not the final
objective of data communications on the Internet. A system
that sends nothing but data from one computer to another is
not complete.
• Today, computers are devices that can run multiple processes
at the same time. The end objective of Internet
communication is a process communicating with another
process.
• A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one
decimal number like 80 (HTTP port).
Port addresses

• The below figure shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at
this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving
computer is running two processes at this time with port
addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs
to communicate with process j in the receiving computer..
Port addresses
Specific addresses

• Some applications have user-friendly addresses

that are designed for that specific address
Examples: E-mail address ([email protected])
Universal Resource Locator (URL) (www.ksu.edu.sa)

• These addresses, however, get changed to the

corresponding port and logical addresses by the
sending computer.
• Ex: The Domain Name System (DNS) translates
human-friendly computer hostnames ( URL) into
IP addresses.