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Montreal Protocol

HVAC related mechanical engineering Regarding Montreal protocol

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17 views

Montreal Protocol

HVAC related mechanical engineering Regarding Montreal protocol

Uploaded by

Max
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Montreal

Protocol
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone
layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances
believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
• The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987,
and entered into force on January 1, 1989, followed by a first
meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Since then, it has undergone
seven revisions, in 1990 London, 1991 Nairobi, 1992
Copenhagen, 1993 Bangkok, 1995 Vienna, 1997
Montreal, and 1999 Beijing.
• It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to,
the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050.
• Developed and developing countries have different phase
out schedules .
Ratification
Status
• Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer signed on 22nd March 1985

• Montreal Protocol adopted on 16th September 1987

• 191 countries have signed the Montreal


Protocol including all the CARIFORUM
countries

• Montreal Protocol entered into force on 1st


January 1989.
Ozone Layer

Ozone is a gas that is


naturally present in the
atmosphere.

The large amount of ozone in


the part of the upper
atmosphere known as the
stratosphere is often referred
to as the “ozone layer”

Fig No. 1
Ozone Depletion
• The ozone layer is destroyed by
ozone-depleting substances (ODS)
when those chemicals are released
into the atmosphere and then react
with the ozone molecules.

• Elevated ultraviolet radiation reaching


the earth as a result of ozone depletion
can have major impacts on life and
nature, including skin cancer and
cataracts and weakened immune
systems.

• It also can damage terrestrial plant


life, including crops, and aquatic
ecosystems.
Fig No.
2
Ozone Depletion Affected Areas
on Earth

Fig No. 3
What are Ozone depleting
substances (ODS)
1.Chemicals that potentially deplete
the ozone layer
2. Contain chlorine or bromine
atoms
3. Have long atmospheric life
Examples:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) e.g. CFC-
12 (aka R-12 or F-12)
Halons (Bromochlorofluorocarbons)
e.g. Halon 1301
 Carbon tetrachloride
 Methyl chloroform
 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
e.g.
HCFC-22 (aka R-22 or F-22)
 Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
 Bromochloromethane
 Methyl bromide Fig No.
4
Main uses of
ODS

• Refrigerants (gases) •Refrigerators/freezers


Fire extinguishers Compressors
• Fumigants, •Vehicles (mobile air-
pesticides Foam- conditioning systems)
blowing agents •Insulating boards/pipe
• Cleaning solvents covers
Aerosol propellants •Metered-dose inhalers
(medical inhalers
•Air-conditioning systems
(and components)
Some Effects of Ozone
Layer Depletion
Human Health
Damages DNA which suppresses immune
system resulting in increase in infectious
diseases eg Skin Cancer; Eye Cataracts
Plants & Trees
Reduces crop production, damage to
seeds Reduces quality of crops
Aquatic Organisms
Damage to plankton, aquatic plants,
fish larvae, shrimp, crabs
Affects marine food chain
Materials
degrades paints, rubber, wood, &
plastics, especially in tropical regions
Ground Level Smog
Increase in the formation of Ground
level ozone as a pollutant
Climate Change
Global Warming
Fig No.
5
Phasing out
ODS
Parties to the Montreal Protocol must freeze,
reduce and phase out their production and
consumption of ODS according to a specific
step-wise schedule.
- Approaches:
 Production Control
 Consumption Control
 Trade, Import, export and reimport
control
 Adaptation to Ozone Friendly technology
 Training and Capacity Building
Phase-out Mandates of the
Montreal Protocol
Ozone depleting developed Article 5
Substance Country Parties
Consumption (Article 2 developing
= Imports + Parties) (this Country
production schedule will be (Mexico)
– Exports applicable for
USA CANADA
CFCs 100% phase out Base level: 1995-97
Jan. 1st, 1996 Freeze in
Consumption: Jan
1st, 1999
50% Cut-2005
85% Cut-2007
Phase out: Jan. 1st
2010
Halons 100% phase out Base level: 1995-97
Jan. 1st, 1994 Freeze in
Consumption:
Jan 1st, 1999
50% Cut-2005
Phase out: Jan. 1st
2010
Methyl Bromide Phase out 2005 Base level: 1995-98
Freeze in
Consumption:
Results to
date
• The Montreal Protocol is
working. There is clear
evidence of a decrease in the
atmospheric burden of ozone-
depleting substances in the
lower atmosphere and in the
stratosphere;

• Some early signs of the


expected stratospheric
ozone recovery are also
evident.

• Furthermore, if the Parties


were to eliminate all Fig No.
emissions of ozone depleting 6
substances soon after 2006, it
would advance by about 15
years (from around 2050 to 1
6
Without Montreal Protocol
By 2050
 Ozone depletion would have reached to at
least
• 50 % in the northern hemisphere’s mid
latitudes
• 70% in the southern mid latitudes
 Doubling on the UV-B radiation reaching
earth’s surface
 Estimated increases of
• 19 million more cases of non-melanoma
cancer
• 1.5 million more cases of melanoma cancer
• 130 million more eye cataracts
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Conclusion
• According to the Montreal Protocol, it is concluded that
this protocol helps to manage and protect the ozone
layer and is also implemented on climate change. It also
concluded that several global ozone depletions can be
regulated by the many rules and provide the challenges
and rules to ozone depletion. Based on this study, it also
concluded that all the ozone-depleting substances are
controlled by the Montreal Protocol

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Reference
• https://www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/ab
out-montreal-protocol
• https://www.state.gov/key-topics-office-of-enviro
nmental-quality-and-transboundary-issues/the-m
ontreal-protocol-on-substances-that-deplete-the-
ozone-layer/
• https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/inte
rnational-actions-montreal-protocol-substances-
deplete-ozone-layer
• http://www.soe.uoguelph.ca/webfiles/gej/
AQ2017/Hamre/index.html
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THANK YOU

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