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Cellular Asaptations

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6 views

Cellular Asaptations

Uploaded by

azra12740
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELLULAR ADAPTATION (DEFINITION)

It is defined as reversible changes in


 Number

 Size

 Phenotype

 Metabolic activity

 Or functions in response to changes in their

environment
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
 Represent responses of cells to normal
stimulation by hormones or
endogeneous chemical mediators e.g,
hormone induced enlargement of
breast and uterus
PATHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
 Responses to stress that allow cells to
modulate their structure and function
and thus escape injury.
 Such adaptations can take several
different forms e.g, cardiac hypertrophy
FOUR PRINCIPLE ADAPTATIONS

1. Hypertrophy
2. Hyperplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia
TYPE OF CELLS
TYPE OF CELLS
ATROPHY
(SHRINKAGE IN CELL SIZE BY THE
LOSS OF CELL SUBSTANCE)
  workload or adverse
environmental conditions
 Is adaptive and reversible
 results in a decrease in cell size
 Types / Causes
 Disuse atrophy (paralysis) Unilateral
 Degeneration atrophy (MS)
 Ischemic atrophy (kidney, heart)
 Malnutrition atrophy (starvation)
 Loss of endocrine stimulation (uterine, breast)

Bilateral Atrophy
MECHANISMS OF ATROPHY

 Mechanisms of atrophy consist of


combination of decreased protein synthesis
and increased protein degradation in cells
1. Protein synthesis decreases because of
reduced metabolic activity
2. Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
___ubiquitin ligases activated------ubiquitin
activated------degradation
3. Autophagy-----cell eats its own
components
BRAIN ATROPHY

Research has shown


we are less likely to loose
brain function if we continue
to engage all parts of the brain

(Brain atrophy with Alzheimer's) - Atrophic cells have lost endoplasmic


reticulum, have fewer mitrochrondria, and myofliaments.
HYPERTROPHY
Increase in size of cell resulting in increase in size of
organ and function

 It occur in cells not capable of


dividing
 Cells are enlarged by increase
amount of structural proteins
 E.g, Muscular hypertrophy
Cardiac hypertrophy
HYPERTROPHY
 Physiological (Skeletal)
 Pathological (Cardiac)
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
It involves two types of triggers
 Mechanical (stress)

 Trophic(activation of α-adrenergic receptors)

 These signals turn on signal transduction

pathways-----induction of genes----synthesis
of proteins---inc synthesis of myofilaments
and cells------improved performance----
balance btw demand and function
 LIMIT
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
🞤 May be a pathological response as in
myocardial hypertrophy from HTN or valve
disease
🞫 Example: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) –
🞲 A PATHOLOGICAL HYPERTROPHY resulting in ↑ size
of heart d/t ↑ workload caused by HTN.
🞲 There is an increase in size but function is
compromised
🞲 However, there is a LIMIT to the amount the
tissue can enlarge
• Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
LVH) – seen with poorly
controlled HTN

• Myocardial cells enlarge


d/t ↑ workload of pumping
MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY
 Switch of contractile proteins from
adult to fetal-----α-myosin heavy chain
to β-myosin chain-----slower more
energetic economical contraction
HYPERPLASIA

 Occurs d/t to a response from appropriate


stimulus and ceases when stimulus is removed
 An increase in NUMBER of cells

 Restricted to cells capable of mitosis


 epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular
tissue.
 Types:
1.Physiological (compensatory or hormonal)
2. Pathological
1.PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
May be a PHYSIOLOGICAL response and occur
with hypertrophy ( in both cell size & number)
 Hyperplasia is important in wound healing
Hormonal:uterus and breast enlarge in pregnancy
(proliferation by hormone)
Compensatory:
Portion of tissue is removed or deceased e.g, Liver
cells particularly resected (stimuli polypeptide growth
factors produced by remnant cells)
2.PATHOLOGICAL HYPERPLASIA
 May also be a non-physiologic hyperplasia
 Seen in prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), endometrial hyperplasia d/t
increased hormone stimulation, or thyroid enlargement

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia


(BPH) – can cause difficulty
with urination
HYPERPLASIA SEEN IN FINGER
WARTS: EPIDERMAL HYPERPLASIA DUE TO
VIRAL STIMULATION

Verrucae vulgaris – common warts

Plantar warts -
 in # of
epidermal
cells

( DNA synthesis and mitotic division)


METAPLASIA

 One cell type is replaced by another


 May predispose to cancer
 Involves reprogramming of undifferentiated stem
cells

 Allows to cells to better survive in a hostile


environment
 Is REVERSIBLE
 Is a response to chronic irritation and
inflammation
METAPLASIA
 Cells that are normally columnar or
stratified may change to squamous.
 Examples:
 With continued smoke exposure, ciliated columnar cells are
changed to stratified squamous cells
 Cervical cells change when exposed to STDs or HPV
 Think metamorphosis or change from
one form to another
 Continued exposure may predispose to cancerous
transformations.
Ciliated columnar cells Stratifiied squamous cells
DYSPLASIA*(ATYPICAL HYPERPLASIA)

 Deranged cell growth resulting in cells of varying size, shape, and


appearance
 May be associated with chronic irritation or inflammation
 May be reversible if offending agent is removed
 Dysplasia is considered A STRONG PRECURSOR OF CANCER!!!
 Example: Cervical dysplasia


However, dysplasia is an adaptive process – may or may
not lead to cancer
 Decrease risk if irritation is removed or
inflammation treated.
ANAPLASIA
 Cells differentiate to a more IMMATURE or
embryonic form.
 Malignant tumors are characterized by
anaplastic cell growth.
SUMMARY: CELLULAR CHANGES

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