Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition

Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;

and Bruce E. Bursten

Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter and Measurement

John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College
Matter
St. Peters, MO And
Measurement
 2006, Prentice Hall
Chemistry:

The study of matter

and the changes it
undergoes.

Matter
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 Scientific Method:

A systematic approach to solving problems.

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 Matter:

Anything that has

mass and takes up
space.

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 Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

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 Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.

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 Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
• A compound is made of two or more different kinds of
elements. Matter
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States of Matter

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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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Mixtures and Compounds

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Properties and
Changes of
Matter
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 Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties:
□ Can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance.
• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
• Chemical Properties:
□ Can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance.
• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with
acid, etc. Matter
And
Measurement
 Properties of Matter

• Intensive Properties:
□ Independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.
• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• Extensive Properties:
□ Dependent upon the amount of the
substance present.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.
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 Changes of Matter

• Physical Changes:
□ Changes in matter that do not change the
composition of a substance.
• Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Chemical Changes:
□ Changes that result in new substances.
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

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 Chemical Reactions

In the course of a chemical reaction, the

reacting substances are converted to new
Matter
substances. And
Measurement
Chemical Reactions

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 Compounds

Compounds can be
broken down into
more elemental
particles.

Matter
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Electrolysis of Water

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Separation of
Mixtures
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Distillation:

Separates
homogeneous
mixture on the basis
of differences in
boiling point.

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Distillation

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Filtration:

Separates solid
substances from
liquids and solutions.

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 Chromatography:
Separates substances on the basis of
differences in solubility in a solvent.

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 Units of
Measurement
Measurement =Number + Unit

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 SI Units

• Système International d’Unités

• Uses a different base unit for each quantity
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 Metric System

Prefixes convert the base units into units that

are appropriate for the item being measured.

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 Volume

• The most commonly

used metric units for
volume are the liter (L)
and the milliliter (mL).
□ A liter is a cube 1 dm
long on each side.
□ A milliliter is a cube 1 cm
long on each side.

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Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different
uses and different degrees of accuracy.

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Temperature:

A measure of the
average kinetic
energy of the
particles in a
sample.

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Temperature
• In scientific
measurements, the
Celsius and Kelvin
scales are most often
used.
• The Celsius scale is
based on the
properties of water.
□ 0C is the freezing point
of water.
□ 100C is the boiling point
of water. Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature

• The Kelvin is the SI

unit of temperature.
• It is based on the
properties of gases.
• There are no
negative Kelvin
temperatures.
• K = C + 273.15
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Temperature

• The Fahrenheit
scale is not used in
scientific
measurements.
 F = 9/5(C) + 32
 C = 5/9(F − 32)

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 Density:

Physical property of a substance

m
d=
V

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Uncertainty in
Measurement
Measurement=certain + uncertain
digits last digit
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 Significant Figures

• The term significant figures refers to

digits that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we
pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our
answers.

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 Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant. (sig figs in red)
423.444
2. Zeroes between two significant figures are
themselves significant.
42,300045 42,340.0025
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never
significant.
00042345.0 0.00048
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if
a decimal point is written in the number.
423,000 versus: 423,000. or: 423,000.000

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 Significant Figures

• When addition or subtraction is

performed, answers are rounded to the
least significant decimal place.
• When multiplication or division is
performed, answers are rounded to the
number of digits that corresponds to the
least number of significant figures in any
of the numbers used in the calculation.
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 Significant Figures
• When addition or 24.245
subtraction is performed, +22.33488
answers are rounded to the
least significant decimal 46.57988 = 46.580
place.

• When multiplication or 35.8750 (6 sig figs)

division is performed,
answers are rounded to the X40.006800 (8 sig figs
number of digits that 1435.24395 = 1435.24 (6 sig figs)
corresponds to the least
number of significant figures
in any of the numbers used
in the calculation.

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 Accuracy versus Precision

• Accuracy refers to the proximity of

a measurement to the true value
of a quantity.
• Precision refers to the proximity of
several measurements to each
other.

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 Dimensional analysis
What do virtually all problems in
chemistry have in common?

Dimensional analysis
Convert centimeters to feet: 1 cm = ? feet
Know: 2.54 cm = 1 in, 12 in = 1 foot.

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 Dimensional Analysis
• What do I need on top?
• What do I need on the bottom?
• What do I know?
• How do I get there?
• Note: You will always be given the
conversion factors you need, you don’t
have to memorize them.

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Dimensional analysis,
examples
The Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at the Kennedy
Space Center has a volume of: 3,666,500m3. What is it in
liters?
Know: 1 L = 1 dm3, 1dm = 0.1 m
What do I need on top? Liters
What do I need on the bottom? nothing

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Dimensional analysis, examples
An individual suffering from high cholesterol has 232 mg
cholesterol per 100.0 mL of blood. How many grams of
cholesterol in the blood, assuming a blood volume of 5.2 L?
Know: 1 L = 1000 mL, 1g = 1000mg
What do I need on top? grams
What do I need on the bottom? patient

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Measurement