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TRANSPOSONS

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15 views

TRANSPOSONS

Uploaded by

deepanshu banyal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TRANSPOSONS

Presented by : Diksha
Thakur
MSc. Biotechnology 3rd sem.
MAU18PBT012
Contents
• Introduction
• Discovery
• Types
• Mechanisms
• Applications
• References
Transposons
(transposable elements)
DNA sequence
that can change
its position
within a genome
reversing
mutation and
altering the cell's
genetic identity
and genome size
Discovery
• The first transposons were discovered in the 1940s by Barbara McClintock who
worked with maize (Zea mays, called "corn" in the U.S.)

She observed how transposition in maize genome affected kernal colour


• It took about 40 years for other scientists to fully appreciate the significance of
Barbara McClintock's discoveries. She was finally awarded a Nobel Prize in 1983.
McClintock experiment on corn kernels;
Kernel allele / traits are unstable. They exhibit purple/white / spotted color krenel
Wild type C gene color will be purple

Colorless mutation (c) block purple


pigment production so the kernel is
Colorless

During kernel development, revertant of mutations occure leading to spots of


purples pigment
non-autonomous element DS(dissociation) - insert into the C gene
Action of DS depends on unlinked gene, Autonomous element AC(Activator)
Classification of
Transposons
Two classes of Transposons:

1.Class II transposons:
DNA transposon which;
1. consist of DNA that moves directly from
place to place.
2. Require transposase
3. Cut and paste mechanism
2.Class I transposons:
Retrotransposons which:
first transcribe the DNA into RNA and then use
reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of
the RNA to insert in a new location
Require copy and paste mechanism
Bacterial transposable
elements are the following
types:
bacterial Transposon move within and
between chromosomes and plasmids

Two main type:


1. Insertion Sequences or IS Elements
2. Transposon (Tn)
Insertion sequence or IS element

• Short DNA sequence that acts as a simple transposable element


found in bacterial chromosomal and plasmid.
• Encode gene (transposase) for mobilization and insertion.
• Range in size from 768bp to 5kb.
• IS1 first identified in E.coli.
• Ends of all known lS1
Elements show Inverted
repeats(ITRs)
Transposon(Tn)

• The transposon is more complex mobile genetic


element than IS element.
• The Tn contain gene coding for transposase as well
as other proteins.
• In prokaryotes, two types of
transposons are found :
• 1) composite
• 2) non- composite
Composite transposon
These are:
• 1000bp long
• Central region containing antibiotic resistance gene
• Flanked by IS elements of same type on both side called ISL and ISR

• IS elements help in
the transposition of the
composite transposons.
Non- composite transposon

• Do not contain IS
elements but has
repeated sequences at
their ends
• Eg; Tn3 , contain 38bp
inverted terminal repeats
and three genes in its
central region
• 1) Bla gene : cell
resistance to ampicillin
• 2) tnA and tnB encode
transposase and
resolvase
Replicative
transposition
• Transposition of
transposon occurs from
one genome to another
• In this type of
transposition,
transposable elements is
introduced at a new site
old copy remain behind
at original site
• eg ; Tn3 and other non
composite transposons
Non- replicative transposition
• Transposon move from
one location to another
on same or different
DNA without any
replication of the
element
• Also called conservative
transposition
• The Tn element is lost
from the original
position leaving break
at the donor DNA
• Eg; Tn10
non- viral
Retrotransposons
non- viral
Retrotransposons
• It consists two subtype:
• LINEs( long interspersed nuclear elements)
• SINEs( short interspersed nuclear elements)
LINEs:
there are several subgroup-L1,L2,L3

Most dominant transposable element are L1, 6 kb long


It has:
Internal promoter (recognised by polymerase ll)
2 open reading frames (ORF1 & ORF2)
Encode a nucleic binding protein and a protein with
endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities
SINEs
• 2nd most abundant class of transposable element in
humans
• Reverse transcriptase needed for synthesis of DNA from
SINE's RNA is furnished by LINE type element
• SINEs depends on LINEs to multiply
• One of them is Alu elements
Applications
• Induce mutations (insertional mutagenesis)

• TE - insert-specific site genome of an organism give it a


high potential to be used for genetic modification

• Gene therapy

• Genes are isolated from given species due to transposon


tagging

• DNA transposons , Piggy Bac , To12, and sleeping beauty


have been evaluated for gene therapy in animal
experiments, primary cell gene delivery and a few
preclinical trials
References

• Lodish et al., Molecular cell biology,7th ed.


• Kramerov,D.A & Vassetzky, N.S. short
retrotransposons in Eukaryotic Genome
International Review of Cytology, vol
247(2005) doi: 10.1016/S0074-7696/05
• Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 7th ed.
• “Transposons: Mobile DNA”. (2012)
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/Biolo
gyPages/T/Transposons.html
• Vassetzky. SINEBase (2013)
http://sines.eimb.ru
a n k
Th
y o u

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