Global Climate change:

Burning fossil fuel

Cutting down forest

Increased Farming livestock

-> adds green houses gases to atmosphere> green house effect > global warming
And extreme shifts in weather conditions

CO2> green house effect

Levels increased from 287 ppm 1980 to 412 ppm in 2020
USA greatest contributor to CO2increase in sea levels

Green house gases:

----increase in sea levels
---increase in temperature
---floods
---dangerous weather patterns
---long droughts
---loss of biodiversity
---disease
Effect on Developing nation like India with major poor population is because
depend on environment for living:
Agriculture
Forest
Fishieries

All these are climate sensitive

GLOBAL WARMING is the warming up of earth surface and atmosphere

rise in CO2 causes rise in earths temperature

Green house gases:

CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapours and fluorinated gases form a blanket
cover around earth and trap out going infrared radiation
CO2 is the major gas but others are in small quantities but still very effective in
trapping heat.

Temperature of earth is controllled by greenhouse gases other wise the

temperature of earth will be below freezing
1. Fossil fuels > coal, oil and gas
-------this produces CO2, NO (nitous oxide)

2. air-conditioning and refrigeration

-----chlorofluorocarbons (freons) are gases used for cooling in fridge and Acs
------release fluorinated gases in small amounts into the environment
---ozone layer depletion and global warming
Warming effect is much more than CO2
Freon is a non-combustible gas that is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning
applications. This freon undergoes an evaporation process over and over again to
help produce cool air that can be circulated throughout your AC system.

R22 (also known as HCFC-22) is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a type of freon once

widely used as in refrigerators, air conditioners, and aerosols.. It is banned in US now
However, due to its harmful effects on the ozone layer, this Freon has been phased
out worldwide.
R-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) does not deplete the ozone layer because it is
chlorine-free. It was developed as a replacement for R-12, a CFC
(Chlorofluorocarbon) that damages the ozone layer.

Acrylonitrile
This insulator is used in some modern refrigerators. It's easy to clean and handle.
3. deforestation:
Trees regulate climate by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. Cutting trees removes this
effect
4. Agricultural pratices:
Buring of crop waste from paddy fields> emission of green house gases
Air pollution- increased level of particulate matter in air and smog in winters

 Health hazard
 Loss of biodiversity of agricultural land and deterioration of soil fertility

Use of nitrogen containing fertilizer produces lots of nitrous oxide

Increased livelistoock like cows and sheep produce lot of methan e gas when they digest
their food

EFFECTS
1. Rise in sea levels
Melting of glaciers at all polar egions and thermal expansion of water
Rise in sea/ocean levels so the shoreline levels are rising which submerge coastal areas in
future-Maldives, Bangladesh, West Bengal, Kerala.

2. Biodiversity
Alteration of entire ecosystem with changes in animal and plant distribution
Microhabitats of animal and plants change this will cause them to migrate or die
Extinction of existing species
Evolution of new species which are more adaptable to this environment
Migration patterns of animals change

Butterflies, foxes and alpine plant migrated to higher and cooler altitudes
Decline in Polar bear numbers is predicted due to loss of polar ice.

3. Agriculture
Effect is caused by
1. Rise in temperature
2. Extreme weather conditions
3. Change in rainfall patterns
4. Increased pests and crop diseases.
5. Changge in water cycle > increased flood and drought

6. DECREASE IN CROP YEILD

4. ECONOMY
Pressure on industry to reduce fossil fuel and become more energy efficient.
More electric and hybrid engine vehicle to produce.

Agriculture is backbone of the economy.

Loss of agricultural lands as they become too hot or dry.
Loss of the crops maize and wheat, tea, oranges and apples
Diseases amongst humans like dengue, malaria, cholera and yellow fever.

1992: Earth summit in Rio: cap industrial emission of green house gases
USA biggest emittor og these gases did not take any steps in fear of hurting their
economy

OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Ozone or O3 is inorganic molecule (pale blue gas) that forms a layer earth’s upper
atmosphere.
Ozone is both natural and man made.

Ozone is in Upper atmosphere (the stratosphere) and lower atmosphere (the

troposphere).

Depending on where it is in the atmosphere, ozone affects life on Earth in either good or
bad ways.S
tratospheric ozone (upper stmospher) is formed naturally through the interaction of
solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation with molecular oxygen (O2). The "ozone layer,"
approximately 6 through 30 miles above the Earth's surface, reduces the amount of
harmful UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface.
Tropospheric or ground-level ozone – what we breathe – is formed primarily from
photochemical reactions between two major classes of air pollutants, volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

high ozone concentrations have also been observed under specific circumstances in
cold month Ozone contributes to what we typically experience as "smog" or haze,
which still occurs.
Significant sources of VOC are chemical plants, gasoline pumps, oil-based paints,
autobody shops, and print shops.
Nitrogen oxides result primarily from high temperature combustion. Significant
sources are power plants, industrial furnaces and boilers, and motor vehicles.
Where ozone is formed, peak concentrations usually occur during afternoon hours,
when sunlight is the most intense.

Ozone has two properties of interest to human health. First, it absorbs UV light,
reducing human exposure to harmful UV radiation that causes skin cancer and
cataracts. Second, when inhaled, it reacts chemically with many biological molecules
in the respiratory tract, leading to a number of adverse health effects.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Decrease in amount of ozone layer and formation of holes in stratosphere due to

presence of ozone depleting substances (ODS).

PLANT GROWTH
Ozone depletion can inhibit the growth of plants by increasing exposure to ultraviolet
(UV) radiation, which can damage plant DNA and reduce photosynthesis. This can lead to
a reduction in the amount of food available for wildlife.

PLANT SPECIES
Ozone depletion can lead to the loss of plant species, which can have serious effects on
the food web and other life forms.

Animal health
UV radiation from ozone depletion can cause cancer in domestic animals, and can affect
the eyes and exposed skin of other animals.
Ecosystem stability
Ozone depletion can disturb the stability of ecosystems, leading to the extinction of
sensitive species.
Food supply
Ozone depletion can reduce the global food supply.
Natural ecosystems
Ozone depletion can threaten plants, animals, and microbes in natural ecosystems,
which provide clean air and water, and absorb carbon dioxide.

Scientists have demonstrated a direct reduction in phytoplankton production due to

ozone depletion-related increases in UVB. UVB radiation has been found to cause
damage to early developmental stages of fish, shrimp, crab, amphibians, and other
marine animals.

Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are man-made gases that damage the ozone layer in
the upper atmosphere. These substances include:

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) These are believed to be responsible for 24% of the human
contribution to greenhouse gases. They also deplete ozone in the stratosphere.

The main sources of CFCs include leaking air conditioners and refrigerators, evaporation
of industrial solvents, production of plastic foams, aerosols, propellants etc.

CFCs take 10-15 years to reach the stratosphere and generally trap 1500 to 7000 times
more heat per molecule than CO2 while they are in the troposphere. This heating effect
in the troposphere may be partially offset by the cooling caused when CFCs deplete
ozone during their 65 to 110 years stay in the stratosphere. Atmospheric concentration
of CFC is 0.00225 ppm that is increasing at a rate of 0.5% annually
zone depleting substances are chemicals that destroy the earth’s protective ozone layer.
They include:
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
halon
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3)
hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
methyl bromide (CH3Br)
bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl)
Production and import of these chemicals is controlled by the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol). There are other ozone
depleting substances, but their ozone depleting effects are very small, so they are not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
What did we use ozone depleting substances for?
The main uses of ozone depleting substances include:
CFCs and HCFCs in refrigerators and air conditioners,
HCFCs and halons in fire extinguishers,
CFCs and HCFCs in foam,
CFCs and HCFCs as aerosol propellants, and
methyl bromide for fumigation of soil, structures and goods to be imported or
exported.

Ozone depleting potential is a measure of how much damage a chemical can cause to
the ozone layer compared with a similar mass of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). CFC-
11, with an ozone depleting potential of 1.0, is used as the base figure for measuring
ozone depleting potential.

Why do we still use some ozone depleting substances?

Some ozone depleting substances with a high ozone depleting potential are still used in
quarantine and safety applications as no suitable alternative exists.
Methyl bromide is extremely effective as a quarantine fumigant. The immediate fire
suppression qualities of halon are needed in confined spaces such as on airplanes and
in submarines. Research is continuing to find suitable replacements.