Scribd
Upload
47 views20 pages

Research On Diagnostic Test

Uploaded by

Amir Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views20 pages

Research On Diagnostic Test

Uploaded by

Amir Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Research On

Diagnostic Test
Presented By:
Dr. Rafia Anwer
Early Diagnosis of Disease

• Prompt attention to the earliest symptoms

• Detection of disease in asymptomatic


individuals
Early Diagnosis of Disease

• Screening and diagnostic tests improve


the ability to estimate the probability of
the presence or absence of a disease
Screening vs. Diagnostic Tests
Screening Tests
• Tests performed on asymptomatic
individuals with the goal of detecting pre-
clinical cases of disease

Diagnostic Tests
• Tests performed to increase probability of
disease identification and confirmation in
cases of suspected disease

How good is your test?


Screening Vs Diagnostic Test
The Screening 2X2 Table

Disease No Disease

a b
Test Positive
true-positives false-positives

c d
Test Negative false-negatives true-negatives

a+c
Prevalence of disease =
a+b+c+d
SENSITIVITY

• This term was introduced by Yarushalmy in 1940 as a


statistical index of diagnostic accuracy.
• Definition: Ability of a test to identify correctly all those
who have the disease, that is “true positive”.
• A 90 percent sensitivity means that 90 percent of the
diseased people screened by the test will give a “true
positive” result and the remaining 10 percent will give a
“false negative result”.
SPECIFICITY

• Definition: The ability of a test to identify correctly those


who do not have a disease that is the “true negative”.
• A 90 percent specificity means that the 90 percent of the
non-diseased persons will give a true negative result, 10
percent of non- diseases people screened by the test will
be wrongly classified as “diseased” when they are not.
Sensitivity and Specificity
Disease No Disease

a b
Test Positive
true-positives false-positives

c d
Test Negative false-negatives true-negatives

Sensitivity = a d ×
× 100 Specificity = 100
a+c b+d
True positives True negatives
= =
All without disease
All with disease
Sensitivity and Specificity
Diabetes No Diabetes

Glucose Tolerance 34 20
Positive

Glucose Tolerence
Negative 116 9,830

34 9,830
Sensitivity = Specificity =
34 +116 20 + 9,830
= 22.6% = 99.7%
Positive Predictive Value
• The percentage of persons with positive test results who
actually have the disease
• How likely is it that the disease of interest is present if the
test is positive?

Negative Predictive Value


• The percentage of persons with negative test results who do
not have the disease of interest
• How likely is it that the disease of interest is not present if
the test is negative?
Predictive Value
Disease No Disease

a b
Test Positive
true-positives false-positives

Test Negative c d
false-negatives true-negatives

a Negative Predictive Value =


d × 100
Positive Predictive Value = × 100
PV+ a+b PV- c+d
True negatives
True positives =
=
All who test positive All who test negative
Predictive Value
Glaucoma No glaucoma

Intraocular pressure + 140 80

Intraocular pressure -
10 910

Positive Predictive Value = 140 910


Negative Predictive Value =
PV+
140 + 80 PV-
10+910
= 64% = 99%
Diagnosis of brain tumours by EEG

EEG results Brain tumour

Present Absent

Positive 36 54,000

Negative 4 306,000

Total 40 360,000

(a) Sensitivity = 36 / 40 x 100 = 90%


(b) Specificity = 306,000 / 360,000 x 100 = 85%
Diagnosis of brain tumours by
Computer assisted axial
tomography
CAT results Brain tumour

Present Absent

Positive 39 18,000

Negative 1 342,000

Total 40 360,000

(a) Sensitivity = 39 / 40 x 100 = 97.5%


(b) Specificity = 342,000 / 360,000 x 100 = 95%
SCREENING TEST RESULT BY
DIAGNOSIS
Screening Diagnosis Total
test results
Diseased Not Diseased

Positive 40 20 60
(a) (b) (a + b)
Negative 100 9840 9940
(c) (d) (c + d)
Total 140 9860 10000
(a + c) (b + d) (a + b + c + d)
EVALUATION OF A SCREENING TEST

(a) Sensitivity = (40 / 140) x 100 = 28.57%


(true positive)
(b) Specificity = (9840 / 9860) x 100 = 99.79%
(true negative)
(c) Predictive value = (40/60) x 100 = 66.66%
of a positive test
(d) Predictive value = (9840/9940) x 100 =
98.9%
of a negative test
An Example
A manufacturer would like to sell you a new rapid
screening test developed to screen for strep throat. You
know the prevalence of strep throat in your pediatric
population in the high peak season is 27%. The
manufacturer of the new test describes the sensitivity as
70% and the specificity as 73%. Assuming that you will
use this test with 1,000 children, what are the positive
and negative predictive values of this test in your
population? Would you buy this product?
Strep Throat Example
Strep Throat No Strep Throat

Test positive 189 197 386

Test negative 81 533 614

270 730 1,000


Prevalence is 27% Positive predictive value = 189/386 = 49%
Sensitivity is 70%
Specificity is 73% Negative predictive value = 533/614 = 87%
Thank You

You might also like