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37 views43 pages

1 +Ionic+Bonding

Uploaded by

qz4rp9v7xw
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Bonding

IFYF009 – Chemistry

Ashleigh Moore
IONIC BONDING
Learning Outcomes

Describe ionic bonding

Draw Lewis structures of ionic compounds

List the properties of ionic compounds

Explain the properties of ionic compounds

Name ionic compounds


Bonding

Every atom's aim To achieve this, There are two


in life is to have a different atoms main types of
full outer shell of join together to bonding – ionic
electrons. form compounds and covalent
Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonding is when ions are held together by


electrostatic attraction

Ions are formed when one (or more) electron(s) are


transferred from one atom to another

The simplest ions are ones which have lost or gained


one electron so that they've got a full outer shell
Let's find them...
Let's start with Group 1 metals...

Na has 11 electrons...

Ignore s,p,d,f – it is 2, 8, 1

Draw the electrons on...


Let's find them...
So – to achieve a full outer shell of
electrons, Na loses 1 electron

Forming Na+

The same is true for all Group 1 Metals


Let's find them...
What about non-metals?

Cl has 17 electrons

2, 8, 7
Let's find them...
So – to gain a full outer shell of
electrons, it gains 1 electron

Forming Cl-

The same is true of all Group 7


Halogens
Group 2 Metals
Magnesium has 12 electrons

2, 8, 2
Group 2 Metals
So – to gain a full outer shell of
electrons, it loses 2 electrons

Forming Mg2+

The same is true of all Group 2 Metals


Group 6 Non-Metals
Oxygen has 8 electrons

2, 6
Group 6 Non-Metals
So - to achieve a full outer shell of
electrons, it gains 2 electrons

Forming O2-

The same is true of all Group 6 Non-


Metals
Label your Periodic Table...
How Do They Bond?
Ions are held together by electrostatic attraction
between positive and negative ions

Very strong attractive forces

This is ionic bonding


Sodium Chloride

2,8,1 2,8,7
Sodium Chloride - NaCl
What About Calcium Chloride?

2, 8, 8, 2 2, 8, 7

Compounds must have an overall zero charge

So - we need 2 Cl for every Ca


What About Calcium Chloride?CaCl2
Working Out The
Formula
 The positive ion is written first

 Followed by the negative ion

 Look at the charge we have written on the periodic table

 Swap charges and subscript

 E.g. Sodium Oxide

Na1+ O2-

 Na2O
Work Out These Formulae...

Lithium Potassium Magnesium Beryllium


fluoride oxide oxide chloride
Can you draw magnesium
oxide?
Magnesium Oxide
X ••
XX •
X
•

••
XX

XX 2 electrons
transferred
X •
XX
X •
[2,8,2] [2,6]
Magnesium Oxide
2+ 2-
XX ••
X •

••
•
XX

XX
X
X •
XX X•

[2,8]2+ [2,8]2-
Dot and Cross Diagram
Checklist
Your diagram needs to show the following;
 Square bracket round each ion
 Charge outside the square brackets for each ion
 Indicate clearly which electrons have been transferred (use different symbols)
 Clearly indicate the number of electrons transferred
 Show the electronic configuration of the atoms and ions
 Make sure the final compound is balanced in terms of charges
Draw dot and cross diagrams to represent
the ionic bonding between the following
elements:
1.Lithium and Fluorine (all electrons)
2.Calcium and Oxygen (outermost
electrons only)
3.Sodium and Oxygen (all electrons)
Questions 4.Calcium and Chlorine (outermost
electrons only)
5.Potassium and Nitrogen (all electrons)
6.Aluminium and Oxygen (outermost
electrons only)
1. Lithium and fluorine
2. Calcium and oxygen
3. Sodium and oxygen
4. Calcium and chlorine
5. Potassium and nitrogen
6. Aluminium and oxygen
Compound Ions
 Not all ions are made from single atoms

 Some groups of atoms form ions with an overall charge

 Called compound ions

Hydroxid Carbonat Ammoniu


Sulfate Nitrate
e e m
• SO42- • OH- • NO3- • CO32- • NH4+
Structure of Ionic Compounds
 Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other

 This attraction forms a strong ionic bond

 The charge on an ion acts in all directions

 The ions arrange themselves into a lattice structure, involving huge numbers of ions,
which is why they are named giant structures
Lattice

A lattice is an
arrangement which
maximises
attractive forces
between oppositely
charged ions and
minimises
repulsive forces
between similarly
charged ions
Properties of Ionic Compounds

High melting and Water soluble Can conduct Crystalline Brittle


boiling point electricity when
molten or dissolved
Metling and Boiling Points

A large amount of
energy is required to As a result, ionic
When an ionic
overcome the strong compounds have high
compound melts, the
electrostatic forces boiling and melting
ions are separated
between the oppositely points
charged ions
Solubility in Water
Ionic compounds exist as positive and
negative ions

Water molecules are polar

The negative end of water is attracted to


the cation of the ionic compound (and vice
versa)

Eventually, the number of water-lattice


interactions will overpower the ionic bond,
and the lattice will break apart
Solubility in Water
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical
Conductivity
Crystalline
The ions are arranged in a regular pattern – a crystal
Learning Outcomes

Describe ionic bonding

Draw Lewis structures of ionic compounds

List the properties of ionic compounds

Explain the properties of ionic compounds

Name ionic compounds

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