Geological

Hazard
M-1
Geological hazards are natural phenomena that cause major problems around the

world. The expansion and development of cities has led to an increase in impact and

damage due to geological hazards. In general, most of the geological hazards are

related to natural conditions, although some may be due to human activities

While landslides come in various names such as mudslide, flash flood, avalanche,
etc. The actual difference is in their composition provided that there is an inclined
terrain. Sinkholes, on the other hand, can occur on elevated or flat surfaces and
can
range from massive to barely noticeable which may leave a dent, a hole, or a
body of
water on the ground.
 Landslide
A landslide is a ground movement on a sloping terrain. It does not
happen on flat ground because of the angle on the ground, gravity
induces the land to move downward. It is aggravated by rain because
water is a natural agent for erosion. If rain or any source of water
frequently flows down a sloping area, the gravitational descent of
loosened soil makes it possible for landslide to occur.
 Types of landslides

1 Soil Creep
is a very slow
Landslide
. downslope movement
of particles that occurs
in every slope covered
with loose, weathered
material (Britannica Dictionary)
 Types of landslides

2 Slumping
Landslide
is a
downward movement of rock debris,
usually the consequence of removal
of buttressing earth at the foot of a
slope of unconsolidated material
 Types of landslides

3 Debris Flow Landslide

happens
when the slope becomes saturated
with water, this then triggers a
landslide of water-soaked mass of
rock and soil that slides down the
slope.
 Types of landslides

4 Rock Fall
are sudden slides
landslides
caused by heavy rain the rock on the
slope loosens and then slides down
the slope.
 Sinkhole
A sinkhole is a topographic depression created
when groundwater dissolves the underlying
limestone bedrock. Often known as "sink" or
"doline".

Characteristics:
● occur in areas where the soil foundation is made of soft
minerals

and rocks such as limestone, salt beds, or any acidic rocks.

● The depth of sinkholes ranges from a couple of meters to

several
 types of sinkholes

There are three main types of sinkholes, according

to the geologist, but there

is an additional category, the artificial sinkholes

which are caused by human

activity.
1 Cover Collapse
Sinkhole
It develops suddenly (over an hour period) thus,
. causing catastrophic damage.

2 Cover Subsidence
Sinkhole
It gradually grows where the sediment covers are
. permeable and contain sand.
3 Dissolution
It occurs in areas where calcareous is exposed on
Sinkhole
the ground or where thin layers of soil and
. permeable sand are also covered. Limestone or
dolomite dissolution is most intense when the
water first reaches the rock surface.

4 Artificial Sinkhole
Such types of sinks may be caused by various
. human activities, including
groundwater pumpin
Causes of Other
Related

Geological Hazard
M-2
 There are different causes of landslide and
sinkhole. Any of the triggers are only caused by a
triggering element. A landslide can be caused by
a natural or mechanical factor/human. Natural
causes of landslides can be due to Climate,
Earthquakes, Weathering, Flooding, Volcanic
Activity, Forest Fires and Gravity while Humans
triggered landslides triggered by mining or clear
cutting of trees.
 causes of geologic
hazards
⚬Landslide
NATURAL CAUSES OF
LANDSLIDES
⚬CLIMATE
Long-term climatic changes can significantly impact
soil stability. A general reduction in precipitation leads
to lowering of water table and reduction in overall
weight of soil mass, reduced solution of materiala and
less powerful freeze-thaw activity
 ⚬EARTHQUAK
E have, for a long time, contributed to landslides aсross
Seismic activities
the globe. Any moment tectonic plates move, the soil covering them
also
moves along. When earthquakes strike areas with steep slopes, on
numerous occasion, the soil slips leading to landslides In addition
ashen detiris flows instigated by earthquakes could soil movement.
⚬WEATHERING
It is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that leads to
weak, landslide-susceptive materialn. It is brought about by the
chemical action of water, air, plants and bacteria. When the
rocks are weak enough, they slip away causing landslides.
 ⚬EROSION
Erosion caused by sporadic running water such streams, rivers,
wind, currents, and waves wipes out latent and lateral slope
support enabling landslides to occur easily.

⚬VOLCANIC ERUPTION
If an eruption occurs in wet condition, the soil will start to move
downhill instigating a le landslide. Stratovolcano is a typical e
example of volcano responsible for most landslides across the
globe. Volcanic gases partially dissolve in groundwater which
turns into acidic hydrothermal systems that weakens rock by
altering minerals to clay.
⚬FOREST FIRES
Burna vegetation that holds soil in place. Since it takes time for
vegetation to re-establish on strep slopes, the risk of landslides prevails
or up to 20 years in dry climates. Wildfire removes the protective ability
of vegetation which increases runoff, erosion, and debris flow because
the water cannot penetrate through the soil thus carrying the debris
downslope, burrowing insects also play a role by aerating the soil
destabilizing it during a wildfire because they send to seek for cooler
soil to survive.
⚬GRAVITY
Steeper slopes coupled with gravitational force can trigger a
massive landslide. Steeper slopes can also cause the debris to
move farther from the foot of the area.
 HUMAN CAUSES OF
⚬MINING
LANDSLIDES
Mining activities that utilize blasting techniques contribute
mightily to landalidea. Vibrations emanating from the blasts
weaken soils in other areas susceptible to landslides.
⚬CLEAR CUTTING
Clear cutting technique of timber harvesting that eliminates all
old trees from the area. This technique is dangerous since it
decimates the existing mechanical root structure of the area. It
changes the amount of water infiltrating the soil.
 Rainfall-Induced landslides

- are the most common and widespread

damaging landslides in the Philippines, with
an average of 20 typhoons each each year
year due to prolonged or heavy rainfall. Most
rainfall- induced landslides are shallow (less
than a few meters deep), thin, and move
quickly.
 ⚬Sinkhole
NATURAL CAUSES OF
⚬Dissolution of sedimentary rocks
SINKHOLES
√ Sinkholes occur when sedimentary rocks are dissolved. When these

rocks are dissolved, it can either form a void of water or air. A void

filled with air forma a hole and a void filled with underground water

makes a lake or a pond. Sinkholes can be in the form of holes or

depressions on the ground.

 HUMAN CAUSES OF
SINKHOLES
⚬Underground water pumping
√ Pumping water underneath the ground causes drainage to alter

their flow which causes the soil to be eroded by water. Broken pipes

underneath the ground can also cause internal erosion making a

void underneath the ground.

 TYPES OF SINKHOLES
1 Cover Collapse
.
Develop abruptlySinkhole
(over a period of
hours) and thus cause catastrophic
damages. They occur where the
covering sediments contain a
significant amount of clay. Over
time, surface drainage, erosion, and
deposition of sinkhole into a
shallower bowl-shaped depression.
 Cover Subsidence
2 Sinkhole
Develop gradually where the
.covering sediments are permeable
and contain sand. In areas where
cover material is thicker or
sediments contain more clay,
cover-subsidence sinkholes are
relatively uncommon and
therefore may not be seen
frequently. They are smaller and
thus may go undetected for long
 3 Dissolution
Sinkhole
.
Occur in areas where
limestone is exposed at
land surface or also is
covered by thin layers of
soil and permeable sand.
Dissolution of the
limestone or dolomite is
most intensive where the
water first contacts the rock surface.
4 Artificial
These Sinkhole
. various human activities, including
types of sinkholes can be caused by

groundwater pumping and construction

activities. However, the most common
activities that result in artificial sinkholes are
mining, drilling, considerable
changes in weight, as well as a tremendous
increase in water flow, such as a
construction of an artificial pond
Thank
You