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Phys213 Lec10

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12 views15 pages

Phys213 Lec10

Uploaded by

nierautomata2457
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Phys213 – Spring 2023

Chp. Title sections

17 Temperature, Thermal Expansion and the 1-4, 6-9


Ideal Gas Law

18 Kinetic Theory of Gases 1-4, 6-7

19 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 1-10

20 Second Law of Thermodynamics 1-10

1st Midterm
34 The Wave Nature of Light 1-7

35 Diffraction and Polarization 1-2, 4-8, (?9), 10-13

36 Special Theory of Relativity 1-13

2nd Midterm

37 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the 1-12


Atom
38 Quantum Mechanics 1-5, 7-10

39 Quantum Mechanics of Atoms 1-9


The Wave Nature of Light
Huygens’ Principle
• Dutch scientist Christian Huygens (1629–1695):
• Every point on a wave front can be considered as a source of
tiny wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the
speed of the wave itself. The new wave front is the envelope of
all the wavelets—that is, the tangent to all of them.
• Important assumption:
– The medium is isotropic
Diffraction
• The bending of waves behind obstacles into the
“shadow region” is known as diffraction. Since
diffraction occurs for waves, but not for particles
(classically), it can serve as one means for
distinguishing the nature of light.
• Diffraction is most prominent when the
size of the opening is on the order of the
wavelength of the wave.

• Examples of diffraction:
• (a) around the edge of an obstacle
• (b) through a large hole
• (c) through a small hole whose size is on the
order of the wavelength of the wave.
Light & Diffraction
• Does light exhibit diffraction?
• In the mid-seventeenth century, the Jesuit priest
Francesco Grimaldi (1618–1663) had observed that
when sunlight entered a darkened room through a tiny
hole in a screen, the spot on the opposite wall was
larger than would be expected from geometric rays.
• He also observed that the border of the image was not
clear but was surrounded by colored fringes.
• Grimaldi attributed this to the diffraction of light.
• The wave model of light nicely accounts for diffraction.
– But the ray model cannot account for diffraction, and it is important to
be aware of such limitations to the ray model.
Refraction
Example of Refraction

How is a mirage (serap) formed?


On a hot day, there can be a layer of very hot air next to the roadway,
due to Sun light.
Hot air is less dense than cooler air, so the index of refraction is slightly
lower in the hot air.
Ray A heads directly at the observer and follows a straight-line path and
represents the normal view of the distant car.
Ray B is a ray initially directed slightly downward, but it bends slightly
as it moves through layers of air of different index of refraction. The
wave fronts, shown in blue in Fig. 4b, move slightly faster in the layers
of air nearer the ground. Thus ray B is bent as shown and seems to the
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
• In 1801, the Englishman Thomas Young (1773–1829) obtained
convincing evidence for the wave nature of light and was even
able to measure wavelengths for visible light.

If light consists of tiny (classical) particles, we


might expect to see two bright lines on a
screen placed behind the slits as in (b).
But instead a series of bright lines are seen,
as in (c).

Young was able to explain this result as a


wave-interference phenomenon.
Double Slit Explanation

(a) At the center of the screen the waves from each slit travel the same

(b)At this angle 𝜽1, the lower wave travels an extra distance of one whole
distance and are in phase.

wavelength, and the waves are in phase; note from the shaded triangle

(c) For this angle 𝜽2, the lower wave travels an extra distance equal to one-
that the path difference equals d sin𝜽.

half wavelength, so the two waves arrive at the screen fully out of phase.
(d)A more detailed diagram showing the geometry for parts (b) and (c).
Interference

d sin 𝜽 = mƛ where m = 0, 1, 2,
• Constructive Interference

d sin 𝜽 = (m + ½)ƛ where m =


• Destructive Interference

0, 1, 2, …
Fringes

(a) Will there be an infinite number of points on the viewing screen where
constructive and destructive interference occur, or only a finite number of points?
(b) Are neighboring points of constructive interference uniformly spaced, or is the
spacing between neighboring points of constructive interference not uniform?
Max fringe: sin(theta) <=1
mƛ=d
m (5e-7m) = 1e-4m
m = 200
Lets discuss
• (a) What happens to the interference pattern, if the incident light
(500 nm) is replaced by light of wavelength 700 nm?
 Interference pattern spreads out
• (b) What happens instead if the wavelength stays at 500 nm but
the slits are moved farther apart?
 Lines are closer together

Except for the 0th-order fringe at the center, the


position of the fringes depends on wavelength.
When white light (günışığı) falls on the two slits, as
Young found in his experiments, the central fringe is

contain a spectrum of colors like a rainbow; 𝜽 was


white, but the first- (and higher-) order fringes

found to be smallest for violet light and largest for


red.
By measuring the position of these fringes, Young
was the first to determine the wavelengths of visible
light.
In doing so, he showed that what distinguishes
different colors physically is their wavelength (or
15

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