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Lecture 24

Calculus Presentation 24

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19 views

Lecture 24

Calculus Presentation 24

Uploaded by

thedarkobliteration
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A vector space with a basis

B containing n vectors is
isomorphic to Rn.

‘n’ is intrinsic property


called Dimension
If a vector space V has a
basis B = {b1, … , bn}, then
any set in V containing
more than n vectors must
be linearly dependent.
If a vector space V
has a basis of n
vectors, then every
basis of V must
consist of exactly n
vectors.
If V is spanned by a finite
set, then V is said to be
finite-dimensional, and the
dimension of V, written as
dim V, is the number of
vectors in a basis for V.
The dimension of the zero
vector space {0} is defined
to be zero.
If V is not spanned by a
finite set, then V is said to
be infinite-dimensional.
The vectors spaces Rn, Pn,
Mmn are finite- dimensional.
The vector spaces
F (-inf, inf), C (-inf, inf), and
C (-inf, inf) are infinite-
m

dimensional.
(a) Any pair of non-parallel
vectors a, b in the xy-plane,
which are necessarily linearly
independent, can be regarded a
basis of the subspace R2. In
particular the set of unit vectors
{i, j} forms a basis for R in dim
2

(R2) = 2.
 Any set of three non coplanar
vectors {a, b, c} in ordinary
(physical) space, which will be
necessarily linearly independent,
span the space R3. Therefore any
set of such vectors forms a
basis for R3. In particular the set
of unit vectors {i, j, k} forms a
basis of R3. This basis is called
standard basis for R3. Therefore
dim (R3) = 3.
 The set of vectors {e1, e2, …, en } where e1
= (1, 0, 0, 0, …, 0), e2 = (0, 1, 0, 0, …, 0)
 e3 = (0, 0, 1, 0, …, 0), …, en = (0, 0, 0, 0, …,
1) is linearly independent. Moreover any
vector
 x = (x1, x2 , …, xn) in Rn can be expressed
as a linear combination of these vectors
as
 x = x1e1 + x2e2 + x3e3 +…+ xnen. Hence the
set {e1, e2, …, en} forms a basis for Rn. It is
called the standard basis of Rn therefore
dim (Rn) = n. Any other set of n linearly
independent vectors in Rn will furnish a
non-standard basis.
(b) The set B = {1, x, x2 ,
… ,xn} forms a basis for the
vector space Pn of
polynomials of degree < n. It
is called the standard basis
dim (Pn) = n + 1
 (c) The set of 2 x 2 matrices with
real entries (elements) {u1, u2, u3,
u4} where
 u =  0 0 ,u = ,u =
1  1 0  0 1
2

3
 0 0

 0 0

4
 1 0

 0 0
,u =  0 1 is a
linearly independent and every 2
x 2 matrix with real entries can be
expressed as their linear
combination. Therefore they form
a basis for the vector space M2X2.
This basis is called the standard
basis for M2X2 dim (M2X2) = 4.
Example 3

Let W be the subspace of the


set of all (2 x 2) matrices
defined by
W = {A = 2a– b + 3c + d = 0}.
a b
c d
 

Determine the dimension of


W.
 1a b0 
 0c -2
d  

Solution The algebraic


specification for W can be
rewritten as d = -2a + b – 3c.
Now A = c d 
a b

=
a

b 
 c -2a + b - 3c 

=
a 0 
 0 -2a 
 
+ + 0
0

b
b 
0
c

0 
- 3c 

=a 1 0 
 0 -2 
 
+b +c 0
0

1
1 
0
1

0
- 3

= a A1 + bA2 + cA3
Where A1 =  10 02 , A2 =
 0 1
 0 1
 
, and
A3 = 0 0 
 1  3
 

The matrix A is in W if and only


if A = a A1 + b A2 + c A3, so {A1,
A , A } is a spanning set for W.
2 3

It is easy to show that the set


{A1, A2, A3} is linearly
independent, so it is a basis for
W. It follows that dim (W) = 3.
dim ( Rn ) = n
dim ( Pn ) = n + 1
dim ( Mmn ) = mn
Find a basis for the null
space of
2 2 -1 0 1 
 -1 
-1 2 -3 1 
A= 
1 1 -2 0 -1
 
0 0 1 1 1
Find a basis for Col B, where
1 4 0 2 0
0 0 
1 -1 0 
B = [ b1 b2 ... b5 ] = 
0 0 0 0 1
 
0 0 0 0 0
Elementary row
operations on a matrix
do not affect the linear
dependence relations
among the column of the
matrix.
Find a basis for Col A.
1 4 0 2 -1
3 
12 1 5 5 
A = [ a1 a 2 ... a5 ] = 
2 8 1 3 2
 
5 20 2 8 8 
The pivot columns
of a matrix A form
a basis for Col A.
 1  -2 
Let   
v1 =  -2  , v 2 =  7  .
 3   -9 
Determine if {v1, v2} is a basis
for R3. Is {v1, v2} a basis for R2?
 1  6  2  -4 
Let        
v1 =  -3 , v 2 =  2  , v 3 =  -2  , v4 =  -8 .
 4   -1  3   9 

Find a basis for the subspace


W spanned by {v1, v2, v3, v4}
(a) Find a subset of the
vectors v1 = (1, -2, 0, 3),
v2 = (2, -4, 0, 6), v3 = (-1, 1, 2, 0)
and v4 = (0, -1, 2, 3) that form a
basis for the space spanned
by these vectors. …
(b) Express each vector not
in the basis as a linear
combination of the basis
vectors.
Theorem
Let H be a subspace of a
finite-dimensional vector
space V. Any linearly
independent set in H can be
expanded, if necessary, to a
basis for H. Also H is finite-
dimensional and dimH < dimV
Let V be a p-dimensional
vector space, p> 1. Any
linearly independent set of
exactly p elements in V is
automatically a basis for V.
Any set of exactly p elements
that spans V is automatically
a basis for V.
The dimension of Nul A is
the number of free variables
in the equation Ax = 0.

The dimension of Col A is


the number of pivot
columns in A
Find the dimensions of the
null space and column
space of
 -3 6 -1 1 -7 

A =  1 -2 2 3 -1 
 2 -4 5 8 -4 
Decide whether each
statement is true or false,
and give a reason for each
answer. Here V is a nonzero
finite-dimensional vector
space. …
1. If dim V = p and if S is a
linearly dependent subset of
V, then S contains more than
p vectors.
2. If S spans V and if T is a
subset of V that contains
more vectors than S, then T
is linearly dependent.
(1) False. Consider the set {0}.
(2) True. By the Spanning Set
Theorem, S contains a basis
for V; call that basis S . Then T
will contain more vectors than
S . T is linearly dependent.

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