Scribd
Upload
5 views

Blood Basics

Uploaded by

Jean Daya Bagas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Blood Basics

Uploaded by

Jean Daya Bagas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Forensic Science

Properties of Blood Volume


• On average, blood accounts for 8% of
total body weight
• 5 to 6 liters of blood for males 4 to 5
liters of blood for females
• A 40 percent blood volume loss,
internally or/and externally, is required
to produce irreversible shock (death).
• A blood loss of 1.5 liters, internally or
externally, is required to cause
incapacitation.
Components of Whole Blood

Plasma
(55% of whole blood)

Buffy coat:
leukocyctes and
platelets
(<1% of whole blood) Formed
elements
Erythrocytes
1 Withdraw blood and 2 Centrifuge (45% of whole blood)
place in tube
• PLASMA  This is the yellowish liquid portion of
blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and
vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins
such as antibodies to fight infection.

• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes)


 The most abundant cells in our blood; they are
produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein
called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)


 They are part of the immune system and destroy
infectious agents called pathogens.

• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes)
 The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma;
they clot together in a process called coagulation to
seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• Have no nucleus
– Not useful for DNA analysis

• 6-8 µm in size

• ~45% total volume of blood

• Most abundant cell in the blood


Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of
their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.

http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html
Genetics of Blood Types

• Your blood type is established before you


are BORN, by specific GENES inherited
from your parents.

• You inherit one gene from your MOTHER


and one from your FATHER.

• These genes determine your blood type by


causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS
to exist on the surface of all of your red
blood cells.
What are blood types?
Blood Types
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood AA or AO = Type A
type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, BB or BO = Type B
there are 6 possible combinations. OO = Type O
AB = Type AB

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
Blood Typing

• When serum containing anti-A or anti-B


agglutinins is added to blood,
agglutination will occur between the
agglutinin and the corresponding
agglutinogens
(clumping)

• Positive reactions indicate agglutination


No clumping

Clumping
Blood Typing
Blood type
RBC Serum
being
agglutinogens Reaction
tested
Anti-
Anti-A
B
AB A and B + +
B B – +
A A + –
O None – –
How common is your blood type?

46.1%

38.8%

11.1%

3.9%
Rh Factors
• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys
to learn more about the human anatomy
because there are certain similarities between
the two species. While studying Rhesus
monkeys, a certain blood protein was
discovered. This protein is also present in the
blood of some people. Other people, however,
do not have the protein.
• The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is
referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. A+ A-
• If your blood does contain the protein, your
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your
B+ B-
blood does not contain the protein, your blood AB+ AB-
is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). O+ O-
http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html
Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
 The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an
Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn
child
 The first pregnancy usually proceeds without
problems
 The immune system is sensitized after the
first pregnancy
 In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune
system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+
blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
right © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace
blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s
body can't make blood properly because of an illness.

Who can give you blood? Universal Donor

People with TYPE O blood are called


Universal Donors, because they can give
blood to any blood type.

People with TYPE AB blood are called


Universal Recipients, because they can
receive any blood type.

Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive -
Universal Recipient
Blood Evidence
• Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood
type and DNA, which can be matched to possible
suspects.

• Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the


location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of
weapon.

• Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine


patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime
might have happened.
Microscopic
Views
Bird Blood Fish Blood

Horse Blood

Cat Blood Frog Blood

Human Blood
Dog Blood Snake Blood
Identify the blood type of each sample given the test
results. (15 points) + clumping, - no clumping

Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Suspect 3


A A A
Rh Rh Rh

B B B

Blood Type: _____ Blood Type: _____ Blood Type: _____

If Suspect 1 were injured during the crime and


needed blood, what blood types could he
receive?

If Suspect 2 volunteered to donate blood, which


blood types could receive his blood?
Ring Precipitin Test

 Blood sample (dilute)


in top layer
Precipitate means blood and
antiserum species match
 Antiserum in heavy
bottom layer

You might also like