Basic Concepts

Course Code: CSC 2108 Course Title: Introduction To Database

Department of Computer Science

Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecture No: 03 Week No: 02 Semester: Summer 23-24

Lecturer: MD FARUK ABDULLAH AL SOHAN; [email protected]
Lecture Outline

• Database Management System (DBMS)

• Application of Database
• Drawbacks of File System
• View of Data
• Level of Abstraction
• Schema and Instance
• Data Independence
• Data Models
• Database Languages: DML , DDL, SQL
• Database Design
• Storage Management
• Database Users
• Database Administrators
 Database Management System(DBMS)

Contains information about a particular enterprise

 Collection of interrelated data
 Set of programs to access the data
 An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
Application of Database

• Banking: all transactions

• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
• Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
Drawbacks of Using File System for Data
Storage

• Data Redundancy and Inconsistency

• Difficulty in Accessing Data
• Data Isolation
• Integrity Problems
• Atomicity of updates
• Concurrent access by multiple users
• Security problems
View of Data

• Database system is a collection of interrelated data and a set of

programs to access and modify these data
• Major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an
abstract view of the data
• The system hides certain details of how data are stored and
maintained
Levels of Abstraction

• Physical Level
• Logical Level
• View Level
Schema and Instance

Schema – The logical structure of the database

• Example: The database consists of information about a set of customers and
accounts and the relationship between them
• Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
• Physical schema: database design at the physical level
• Logical schema: database design at the logical level

Instance – The actual content of the database at a particular point

in time
• Analogous to the value of a variable
Data Independence

Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical

schema without changing the logical schema
• Applications depend on the logical schema
• In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be
well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others

Logical Data Independence - the ability to modify the logical

schema without causing application programs to be rewritten.
• Required when the logical structure has been altered
Data Models

A collection of tools for describing

 Data
 Data relationships
 Data semantics (Logical and Lexical)
 Data constraints
 Data Models
Relational Model , ER Model and Other Data Models

• The relational model uses a collection of tables to represent

both data and the relationships among those data.
• The E-R data model is based on a perception of a real world
that consists of a collection of basic objects, called entities and
of relationships among these objects.
• Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-
relational)
• Semi-structured data model (XML)
• Other older models:
 Network model
 Hierarchical model
 Database Language
DML

Stands for Data Manipulation Language

DML OPERATIONS: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE
Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the
appropriate data model
 DML also known as query language

Type of access are:

 Retrieval of information stored in the database
 Inserting of new information into the database
 Deletion of information from the database
 Modification of information stored in the database
Database Language
DDL

• Stands for Data Definition Language (DDL)

• Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e. data about data)
• DDL OPERATIONS: CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, TRUNCATE
Database Language
SQL

• Widely used non-procedural language

• SQL is used to communicate with a database
Database Design
Logical and Physical Design

The process of designing the general structure of the database:

 Logical Design – Deciding on the database schema. Database design

requires that we find a “good” collection of relation schemas.
 Business decision – What attributes should we record in the
database?
 Computer Science decision – What relation schemas should we
have and how should the attributes be distributed among the
various relation schemas?

 Physical Design – Deciding on the physical layout of the database

Storage Manager
Components

 Storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between

the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and
queries submitted to the system.

 The storage manager is responsible to the following tasks:

 Interaction with the file manager
 Efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data

 Components of Storage Manager

 Authorization and integrity manager
 Transaction manager
 File manager
 Buffer manager
 Storage Manager
Data Structure

The storage manager implements several data structure as part

of the physical system implementation

•Data files: Store the database itself.

•Data dictionary : stores metadata about the structure of the
database, in particular the schema of the database.

•Indices: Provide first access to the data items. Like index of the
textbook.
Database Users
Types

Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with

the system
• Application programmers
• Sophisticated users
• Specialized users
• Naive users
Database Administrator
Duties

 Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the database

administrator has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information
resources and needs.
 Database administrator's duties include:
 Schema definition : The DBA create the original database schema by
executing a set of data definition statements in the DDL
 Storage structure and access method definition
 Schema and physical organization modification
 Granting user authority to access the database
 Specifying integrity constraints
 Acting as liaison with users
 Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements
Books

1. Modern Database Management (Sixth Edition) by Fred R. McFadden, Jeffrey A.

Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott
2. Database System Concepts (Fifth Edition) by Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, A.
Silberschatz
3. Oracle-database-10g-sql-fundamentals-1-student-guide-volume-1
4. SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code by C.J. Date
5. Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and
Management (4th Edition) by Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn E. Begg
6. Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5th Edition by RamezElmasri, Shamkant B.
Navathe
7. Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All That Jazz by C. J. Date
8. An Introduction to Database Systems 8th Edition, by C.J. Date
References

1. https://www.db-book.com/db6/slide-dir/index.html
2. https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/20/sqlrf/SQL-Sta
ndards.html#GUID-BCCCFF75-D2A4-43AD-8CAF-C3C97D92AC63
3. https://www.slideshare.net/HaaMeemMohiyuddin1/data-knowledge-and-infor
mation
4. https://www.slideshare.net/tabinhasan/from-data-to-wisdom
5. https://www.slideshare.net/thinnaphat.bo/