Writing Basic SQL Statements

Course Code: CSC 2108 Course Title: Introduction To Database

Department of Computer Science

Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecture No: 02 Week No: 01 Semester: Summer 23-24

Lecturer: MD FARUK ABDULLAH AL SOHAN, [email protected]
Lecture Outline

The capabilities of SQL SELECT statements

The execution of a basic SELECT statement
The Difference between SQL statements and SQL*Plus
commands
Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements
Selection, Projection, Join

Selection Projection

Table 1 Table 1

Join

Table 1 Table 2
Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT
SELECT [DISTINCT]
[DISTINCT] {*,
{*, column
column [alias],...}
[alias],...}
FROM
FROM table;
table;

•SELECT identifies what columns.

•FROM identifies which table.
Writing SQL Statements

• SQL statements are not case sensitive.

• SQL statements can be on one or more lines.
• Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines.
• Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
• Tabs and indents are used to enhance readability.
Selecting All Columns

SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

--------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
Selecting Specific Columns

SQL> SELECT deptno, loc

2 FROM dept;

DEPTNO LOC
--------- -------------
10 NEW YORK
20 DALLAS
30 CHICAGO
40 BOSTON
Column Heading Defaults

• Default justification
Left: Date and character data
Right: Numeric data

• Default display
Uppercase
 Arithmetic Expressions

Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE data by using arithmetic operators.

Operator Description
+ Add
- Subtract
* Multiply
/ Divide
Using Arithmetic Operators

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, sal+300

2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL SAL+300

---------- --------- ---------
KING 5000 5300
BLAKE 2850 3150
CLARK 2450 2750
JONES 2975 3275
MARTIN 1250 1550
ALLEN 1600 1900
...
14 rows selected.
Operator Precedence

_
* / +
• Multiplication and division take priority over addition and
subtraction.
• Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to right.
• Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and to
clarify statements.
Operator Precedence

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*sal+100

2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL 12*SAL+100

---------- --------- ----------
KING 5000 60100
BLAKE 2850 34300
CLARK 2450 29500
JONES 2975 35800
MARTIN 1250 15100
ALLEN 1600 19300
...
14 rows selected.
Using Parentheses

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*(sal+100)

2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL 12*(SAL+100)

---------- --------- -----------
KING 5000 61200
BLAKE 2850 35400
CLARK 2450 30600
JONES 2975 36900
MARTIN 1250 16200
...
14 rows selected.
Defining a Null Value

• A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,

unknown, or inapplicable.
• A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, comm
2 FROM emp;

ENAME JOB COMM

---------- --------- ---------
KING PRESIDENT
BLAKE MANAGER
...
TURNER SALESMAN 0
...
14 rows selected.
Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.

SQL> select ename, 12*sal+comm

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE ename='KING';

ENAME 12*SAL+COMM
---------- -----------
KING
Defining a Column Alias

• Renames a column heading

• Is useful with calculations
• Immediately follows column name; optional AS keyword
between column name and alias
• Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or
special characters or is case sensitive
Using Column Aliases

SQL> SELECT ename AS name, sal salary

2 FROM emp;

NAME SALARY
------------- ---------
...

SQL> SELECT ename "Name",

2 sal*12 "Annual Salary"
3 FROM emp;

Name Annual Salary

------------- -------------
...
Concatenation Operator

• Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns

• It is represented by two vertical bars (||)
• Creates a resultant column that is a character expression
Using the Concatenation Operator

SQL> SELECT ename||job AS "Employees"

2 FROM emp;

Employees
-------------------
KINGPRESIDENT
BLAKEMANAGER
CLARKMANAGER
JONESMANAGER
MARTINSALESMAN
ALLENSALESMAN
...
14 rows selected.
Literal Character Strings

• A literal is a character, expression or number included in the

SELECT list.
• Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single
quotation marks.
• Each character string is output once for each row returned.
Using Literal Character Strings

SQL> SELECT ename ||' '||'is a'||' '||job

2 AS "Employee Details"
3 FROM emp;

Employee
Employee Details
Details
-------------------------
-------------------------
KING
KING is
is aa PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT
BLAKE
BLAKE is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
CLARK
CLARK is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
JONES
JONES is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
MARTIN
MARTIN is
is aa SALESMAN
SALESMAN
...
...
14
14 rows
rows selected.
selected.
Duplicate Rows

The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows.

SQL>
SQL> SELECT
SELECT deptno
deptno
22 FROM
FROM emp;
emp;

DEPTNO
---------
10
30
10
20
...
14 rows selected.
Eliminating Duplicate Rows

Eliminate duplicate rows by using the DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT deptno

2 FROM emp;

DEPTNO
---------
10
20
30
SQL

SQL
 SQL is a command language for communication with the
Oracle Server.
Features of SQL
 Can be used by a range of users, including those with little
or no programming experience
 Is an English-like language
SQL*Plus

SQL*Plus
 SQL*Plus is an Oracle tool that recognizes and submits
SQL statements to the Oracle Server for execution and
contains its own command language.
Features of SQL*Plus
 Accepts SQL input from files
 Provides a line editor for modifying SQL statements
 SQL Statements Versus SQL*Plus
Commands

SQL
• A language
• ANSI standard
• Keyword cannot be abbreviated
SQL*Plus
• An environment
• Oracle proprietary
• Keywords can be abbreviated
Application of SQL*Plus

Use SQL*Plus as an environment to:

• Execute SQL statements
• Edit SQL statements
 Application of SQL*Plus

Use the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to display the structure of a table.

DESC
DESC tablename
tablename

SQL>
SQL> DESCRIBE
DESCRIBE dept
dept

Name
Name Null?
Null? Type
Type
-----------------
----------------- --------
-------- ------------
------------
DEPTNO
DEPTNO NOT
NOT NULL
NULL NUMBER(2)
NUMBER(2)
DNAME
DNAME VARCHAR2(14)
VARCHAR2(14)
LOC
LOC VARCHAR2(13)
VARCHAR2(13)
Books

1. Modern Database Management (Sixth Edition) by Fred R. McFadden, Jeffrey A.

Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott
2. Database System Concepts (Fifth Edition) by Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, A.
Silberschatz
3. Oracle-database-10g-sql-fundamentals-1-student-guide-volume-1
4. SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code by C.J. Date
5. Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and
Management (4th Edition) by Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn E. Begg
6. Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5th Edition by RamezElmasri, Shamkant B.
Navathe
7. Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All That Jazz by C. J.
Date
8. An Introduction to Database Systems 8th Edition, by C.J. Date
References

1. https://www.db-book.com/db6/slide-dir/index.html
2. https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/20/sqlrf/SQL-Sta
ndards.html#GUID-BCCCFF75-D2A4-43AD-8CAF-C3C97D92AC63
3. https://www.slideshare.net/HaaMeemMohiyuddin1/data-knowledge-and-infor
mation
4. https://www.slideshare.net/tabinhasan/from-data-to-wisdom
5. https://www.slideshare.net/thinnaphat.bo/