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Cell Division

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Ragde Sanchez
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5 views

Cell Division

Uploaded by

Ragde Sanchez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell division

Ragde Sánchez
• Table of contents

01 Chromosomes
Chromatin, Histone, Sister 03
Mitosis and Meiosis
Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase,
chromatids, Chromosomes Cytokinesis in plants and
homologues, recombined animals.
and Duplicated,
Sexual and

02 Cell Division 04
Asexual
Advantages,
Reproduction
Haploid and diploid cells, Disadvantage,
Interphase, Checkpoints, Fragmentation, Binary
Tumor and cancer, fission, Parthenogenesis,
cancerigens. Budding and
Regeneration.
01
•
Chromosomes•
Homologues, Recombined,
Duplicated, Chromatin,
Histone
Chromosomes •
DNA most be tightly
packed to fit inside the
cell and it also helps in
giving more stability to
it.

The unwound DNA of a


single cell will measure
6 feet (1.8 m).
Histones
●Group of basic (positively
charged) proteins that form
“bobbins” around which
negatively charged DNA can
wrap.
●So, they organize DNA and
making it more compact.
●Determine which genes are
active.
Chromatin
●The complex of DNA plus
histones and other structural
proteins is called chromatin.
Chromosome
Contains the genetic material (DNA)
present in the nucleus of a
s
eukaryotic cell.

Homologues
The two Chromosomes
members of each pair of
chromosomes, except sexuals.

Sister Chromatids
The two copies of a chromosome.
They are attach in a region called
centromere, an important region
during later stages of cell division.
Tetrad: Two pairs of homologous
chromosomes next to each other.
Duplicated and Recombined
Chromosomes
Duplicated and Recombined
Chromosomes
02
• Cell Division•
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• All the human cells are diploids (2n), except
sexual cells ovules and espermatozoids which
are haploids (n).
Haploid (n),
Diploid (2n)
and
Tetraploid
(4)
Cells
Haploid (n) Vs. Diploid (2n)
Cell Division
Cells reproduce genetically
identical copies of themselves
by cycles of cell growth and
division.
Stages in Cell Division
Interphase
- Cell is growing.
A - Has 3 stages: G1, S and
G2
- DNA is not condensed

Mitosis
- Cell division.
B - 4 stages + cytokinesis
- DNA is condensed
- Period after cell
división.
Gap 1 - Cells grow and
(G1) decide if they should
initiate another cell
división.
Is the period of DNA
Synthesi synthesis, where cells
s (S) replicate their
chromosomes.
- Between the end of
DNA replication and
the start of cell M is the period of cell
Gap 2 división: Prophase,
division. Mitosis
(G2) Metaphase, Anaphase,
- Cells check DNA (M)
replication has Telophase, and
successfully Cytokinesis.
completed, and make
any necessary repairs.
• These cells exit G1 and Stage G0
enter a resting state
called G0.

• In G0, a cell is
performing its function
without actively
preparing to divide.

• G0 is a permanent state
for some cells, while
others may re-start
division if they get the
right signals.
• Regulation and Checkpoints
- Checkpoints detect if a
cell has damaged DNA
and ensure those cells
do not divide.

- Restriction point (R)


is located at G1 and is a
key checkpoint.

- Other checkpoints are


located between G1 and
S, and G2 and M.
Protein
- Oncogen: Gen that canp53 and Apoptosis
become cancer after
mutating.
=Involved in control of the
cell cycle and cell division.

- p53 protein is a gene that


stops cell cycle and starts
repair mechanisms for the
damaged DNA.

- If this DNA cannot be


repaired, it ensures the cell
goes to apoptosis (dead) and
can no replicate.
• Regulation and Checkpoints

Cell cycle is also


regulated by cyclins,
which control cell
progression activating
cyclin-
dependent kinase
(CDK) enzymes.
Tumor Vs. Cancer
● Cancer: Where cells
● Tumors are abnormal detaches and moved
group of cells that develop inside the body
at any stage of life in any invading tissues
part of the body. (metastasis).
Tumor Vs. Cancer

This cells reproduce


without control, they
do not follow the
checkpoints.
CARCINOGENS AND MUTAGENS
• Carcinogen: mutagens, chemicals and agents (viruses, X-rays, UV
light) that can cause cancer.
• Radiation: UV (sun light), X-rays (medical uses).
• Chemicals: Cigarettes, processed foods and preservatives,
cosmetics & cleaning products.
• Infectious agents: Viruses (ex. HPV), bacteria (ex. Heticobacter).
03
• Mitosis and
Meiosis•
Mitosis: Process by which
the cell divides to form
two (2n) genetically
identical daughter cells.
PROMAT

PRO – Antes

META – En medio

ANA – Alejandose

TELO - Termino
Meiosis: Division of a
germ cell involving by
two consecutive
nuclear divisions.
Produce four
genetically
different gametes,
PROMAT
or sex cells (n).
Para distinguir si es
Fase I o Fase II, te
fijas en el número de
células.
En la Fase 1 solo hay
una célula. En la fase
II hay dos células.
Mitosis vs.
Meiosis
Mitosis vs.
Meiosis

PROMAT
Para distinguir si es
Fase I o Fase II, te
fijas en el número de
células.
En la Fase 1 solo hay
una célula. En la fase
II hay dos células.
MITOSIS: Two
identical cells
(2n). Somatic
cells.

MEIOSIS: Four
different cells
(n). Cross over.
Sexual cells.
Spermatozoids and eggs are haploids
cells (n)
Cytoquinesis

Animals cells, form a Plants cells, the wall cell is very


contractile ring and separate hard. So, they create a cell
the membranas. plate to divide the cell in two.
04
• Sexual and
Asexual
Reproduction•
SEXUAL VS. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL VS. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 More genetic diversity in the  Rapid population growth.


offspring.  Requires less energy to reproduce.
 More adaptability  Males & females can reproduce.
 More variation  One organism can make a whole
 Greater chance of mutation ADVANTAGE population.
 Greater chance of survival with  Less likely to become extinct.
environmental change

 It requires two individuals with  There is no genetic diversity


opposing gametes (sex cells).  A population of genetically identical
 Organisms must use a lot of DISADVANTAGE organisms is more susceptible to
energy nourishing and growing a disease and can’t adapt easily to a
new baby organism changing environment
Binary fission: A parent cell divides,
resulting in two identical cells, each having the
potential to grow to the size of the original cell.
Like bacteria.
Budding: The formation of an outgrowth (bud)
from an organism.
Parthenogenesis:
Development of a female
zygote without
fertilization.
Regeneration:
regrowth of an
organism or body
type.
Fragmentation: A new organism
developed by a small piece of the
original.

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