CSC 101

Introduction to
Computing

Lecture 15
Muhammad Salman Ali
[email protected]

1
Last Lecture Summary I
 Hard Disk Controllers
 SATA
 EIDE
 SCSI and
 SAS
 External and Removable Hard disks
 RAID and Online Storage
 Zip Disk
 Tape Drive

2
 Last Lecture Summary II
 Optical Discs
 How a Laser Reads Data
 CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW,
 PhotoCD, Archive CD
 DVD ROM, DVR+/-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM
 Drive speed and Writing time
 Care of Optical Discs

3
 Solid State Storage Devices
 Data is stored physically using switches
 uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory
to store data persistently.
 No magnets or laser
 Very fast data transfer

4
 Solid State Storage Devices
 Byte for byte, standard magnetic or optical
storage is less expensive and more reliable than
solid-state storage
 Memory devices can move data in much less
time than any mechanical storage device
 solid-state devices have no moving parts and
 store data electronically (the way it is used by the
CPU).
 Unlike standard devices, solid-state devices do
not need to move ahead or sensor to find data or
to convert it from magnetic or optical form into
electronic form. 5
 Solid State Drive
 A storage device that typically uses flash memory to
store data, instructions, and information
 Available form factors of 3.5”in, 2.5 in, and 1.8 in
 Used in all types of computers including
 servers, desktop computers, and mobile computers
 portable media players and digital video cameras
 Storage capacities range from 16 GB to 256 GB and
more

6
 Solid State Drives
 Solid State Drives (SSDs) have several
advantages over magnetic hard disks:

Faster access time Faster transfer rates

Generate less heat and

Last longer
consume less power

7
SSD vs HDD

8
9
 Flash Memory Storage
 Type of nonvolatile memory that can
be erased electronically and
rewritten.
 Long term updateable storage
 Contains no moving parts makes
them
 more durable and shock resistant
 than magnetic hard disks or optical
discs.
 Found in cameras and USB drives
 Combination of RAM and ROM
10
 Flash Memory Storage
 A memory card is a removable flash memory
device that you insert and remove from a slot in
a computer, mobile device, or card
reader/writer
Secure Digital
CompactFlash Secure Digital
High Capacity microSD
(CF) (SD)
(SDHC)

xD Picture Memory Stick

microSDHC Memory Stick
Card Micro (M2)

11
Flash Memory Storage

12
Flash Memory Storage

13
 Compact Flash
 used in portable electronic devices
 Type I (3.3 mm thick) and the thicker Type II
(CF2) cards (5 mm thick)
 2 MB to 128 GB
 Compact Flash IDE (ATA) speed is usually
specified in "x" ratings, e.g. 8x, 20x, 133x
 133x rating means transfer speed of:
 133 * 150 KByte/s = 19,950 KByte/s
 ~ 20 MBps

14
 Smart Media
 a flash memory card standard owned by
Toshiba
 capacities ranging from 2 MB to 128 MB.
 Data transfer rate: 2MB/s
 1,000,000 write cycles
 10 year storage time without power
 No longer manufactured.

15
 Multi Media Card (MMC)
 About the size of a postage stamp
 used mostly for a portable device
 Sizes up to and including 128 GB
 MMC, RS-MMC, MMCplus, MMCmobile
 Data transfer
 MMC 20Mbps
 RS-MMC 20Mbps
 MMC mobile 20 Mbps
 MMC Plus 416Mbps
 more or less superseded by SD (Secure
Digital) card, 16
 MMC Micro
 micro-size version of MMC
 even smaller and thinner than RS-MMC
 backward compatible with MMC, and
 can be used in full-size MMC and SD slots with
a mechanical adapter
 Storage capacity 16 MB - 2 GB
 Data transfer speed
 Read Upto 10MBps – 66X
 Write upto 7 MBps – 4X

17
 SD Cards
 Capacity
 SDSC (SD): 1 MB to 2 GB,
 SDHC: 4 GB to 32 GB
 SDXC: ≥32 GB to 2 TB
 Dimension
 Standard: 32×24×2.1 mm
 Mini: 21.5×20×1.4 mm
 Micro: 15×11×1.0 mm
 Speed Class Rating
 2 – 10 MBps

18
 Memory Stick
 Flash Memory Card
 Capacity 4 MB to 256 GB
(Maximum theoretical size: 2TB)
 Different Variants
 Memory Stick Select
 Memory Stick PRO andDuo
 Memory Stick PRO-HG Duo
 Memory Stick Micro (M2)
 Data Transfer Speed
 upto 60 MBps

19
 xD Picture Card
 xD stands for Extreme Digital
 used mainly in older digital cameras
 Capacity
 Maximum 512 MiB (original)
 maximum 2 GiB (Type M/M+, Type H)
 Dimensions 20 mm × 25 mm × 1.78 mm
 Data Transfer Rate
 Read up to 6 MBps
 Write up to 4 MBps

20
 USB Flash Drive
 Plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile
device
 Storage capacities up to 100 GB
 Data transfer rates of about 12 MBps
 Some USB flash drives include fingerprint
readers, restricting access to authenticated users

21
Flash Drive Advantages
 Use little power
 Have no fragile moving parts, and
 For most capacities are small and light
 Data stored on flash drives is impervious to
 mechanical shock, magnetic fields,
 scratches and dust
 Store data densely compared to many
removable media

22
 PC Cards
 Adds capabilities to computer
 Credit-card sized device
commonly used in notebook
computers
 Replaced by Express card

23
 ExpressCard Module
 Removable device that fits in an Express Card
slot
 About 75 mm long and 34 mm wide or L-shaped
with a width of 54 mm
 Developed by the PCMCIA
 Commonly used in notebook computers

24
 Smart Cards
 Stores data on microprocessor embedded in
small card
 Input, process, output and storage capabilities
 Communicates with external services via card-
reading devices, such as ticket readers, ATMs

25
 Smart Cards
 Credit cards with a chip
 Chip stores data
 Eventually may be used for cash
 Hotels use for electronic keys

26
Smart Card Technology

27
Storage Devices Comparison

28
Other Type of Storage

Magnetic stripe
PC Card cards and smart
cards

Microfilm and
Enterprise storage
microfiche

29
 Magnetic Strip
 A magnetic stripe
card contains a
magnetic stripe that
stores information
 A smart card stores
data on a thin
microprocessor
embedded in the card

30
Microfilm and Microfiche

Store microscopic images of

documents on roll or sheet of film

Images recorded using

computer output microfilm recorder

Microfilm — 100- to Microfiche — small sheet

215-foot roll of film of film, usually 4”  6”

31
 Microfilm Advantages
 greatly reduce the amount of paper firms must
handle
 longest life of any storage media and
 inexpensive

32
Media Life Expectancies

33
 Enterprise Storage Devices
 Enterprise storage stores huge volumes of data
and information for large businesses
 Uses special hardware for heavy use, maximum
availability, and maximum efficiency

34
 Cloud Storage
 Cloud storage is an Internet service that
provides storage to computer users

35
Cloud Storage

36
 Cloud Storage
 Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety
of reasons:

Access files from any computer

Store large files instantaneously

Allow others to access their files

View time-critical data and images immediately

Store offsite backups

Provide data center functions

37
 Drive Performance
 Average Access Time
 Data Transfer Rate

38
 Average Access Time
 Also known as seek time
 Time to find desired data
 Measured in milliseconds
 Depends on two factors
 RPM
 Time to access a track
 Hard drive between 6 and 12 ms
 CD between 80 and 800 ms

39
 Data Transfer Rate
 How fast data can be read
 Measured in Bps or bps
 Hard drive ranges from 15 to 160 MBps
 CD ROMS depend on X factor
 24x CD transfers 24 x 150 KBps
 Floppy disks transfer at 45 KBps

40
 Optimizing Performance
 PCs performance can slow down
 Disk optimization
 Handled by operating system tool
 Routine disk maintenance
 Optimization should be run monthly

41
 Maintaining Hard Disks
 Manufacturer give guarantee for 3-5 years
 regularly should perform preventive
maintenance such as defragmenting or
scanning the disk for errors
 Disk Clean up removes unused files from a
hard disk so that the computer does not have to
spend time searching through and accessing
unneeded files, and
 Disk Defragmenter reorganizes the data on a
hard disk so that the data can be accessed
more quickly
42
 Disk Clean Up
 Clean up unnecessary files
 Delete temp files
 Uninstall unused programs
 Delete obsolete data files
 Files should be cleaned weekly

43
 Disk Cleanup
 by
removing
any
programs
and data
that are not
required
 for the
computer.

44
 Scan a disk for Errors
 Bad spots on the media
 Find and fix the error
 Move data to a good spot
 Mark the spot as bad
 Disks should be scanned monthly

45
 Checking Disk Errors
 To do a complete scan
of the disk and correct
any errors that are
found
 Place a checkmark in
the ‘Scan for and
attempt recovery of
bad sectors’ check
box, and
 then click the Start
button.
46
 Defragmentation
 Defragment a disk
 Files fragment when resaved
 Fragmented files load slower
 Defragment puts the fragments together
 Disks should be defragged monthly

47
 Defragmentation
 Which combines all files so that no files are stored in a
noncontiguous manner
 The defragmentation process can consume more than
one hour in some cases.
 You can cancel the operation at any time by clicking the
Stop operation button in the Disk Defragmenter window

48
Defragment

49
 File Compression
 Shrinks the size of a file
 Takes up less space on disk
 Reduce a disks performance
 Will increase disk capacity
 PKZip, WinZip and WinRAR

50
File Compression

763 KB
on disk

Compressed
157 KB

51
 Putting it All Together
 w

Home user Small Office/Home Mobile

• 500 GB hard disk Office user • 250 GB hard disk
• Cloud storage • 1 TB hard disk • Cloud storage
• Optical disc drive • Cloud storage • Optical disc drive
• Card reader/writer • Optical disc drive • Card reader/writer
• USB flash drive • External hard disk for • Portable hard disk for
backup backup
• USB flash drive • USB flash drive

52
 Putting it All Together
 w

Power User Enterprise User Enterprise User

• 2.5 TB hard disk (desktop computer) (server or mainframe)
• Cloud storage • 1 TB hard disk • Network storage
• Optical disc drive server
• Optical disc drive
• Smart card reader • 40 TB hard disk
• Portable hard disk for system
backup • Tape drive
• Optical disc server
• USB flash drive • USB flash drive
• Microfilm or microfiche

53
Summary I
 Solid State Devices
 Flash Memory Storage
 Compact Flash (CF)
 Secure Digital (SD) MicroSD
 Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC)MicroSDHC
 xD Picture Card
 Memory Stick Memory Stick Micro (M2)
 PC Card Express Card
 Smart Card
 Magnetic Strip and Microfilm

54
Summary II
 Enterprise Storage Devices
 Cloud Storage
 Drive Performance
 Average Access time
 Data Transfer Rate
 Optimizing Performance
 Disk Clean UP
 Check Disk for Errors
 Defragmentation
 File Compression

55
 Recommended Websites
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_drives
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_memory_cards
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_storage
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defragmentation
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_cleanup
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHKDSK

56