Lecture-2

CE-430 (2 Credit Hours)

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering
7th Semester (Fall 2022)

Introduction
Instructor:

Dr. Irshad Ahmad

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
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 Steps for Designing a Foundation
Following minimum steps are required for designing a foundation:
1. Locate the site and the position of load. A rough estimate of the foundation load(s) is
usually provided by the client or made in-house. Depending on the site or load system
complexity, a literature survey may be started to see how others have approached similar
problems.
2. Physically inspect the site for any geological or other evidence that may indicate a
potential design problem that will have to be taken into account when making the design
or giving a design recommendation. Supplement the inspection with any previously
obtained soil data.
3. Establish the field exploration program and, on the basis of discovery (or what is found
in the initial phase), set up the necessary supplemental field testing and any laboratory
test program.
4. Determine the necessary soil design parameters based on integration of test data,
scientific principles, and engineering judgment. Simple or complex computer analyses
may be involved.
5. Design the foundation using the soil parameters from step 4. The foundation should be
economical and be able to be built by the available construction personnel. Take into
account practical construction tolerances and local construction practices. Interact
closely with all concerned (client, engineers, architect, contractor) so that the
substructure system is not excessively overdesigned and risk is kept within acceptable
levels. A computer may be used extensively (or not at all) in this step.
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 ss
Proce
EVALUATION FOUNDATION ALTERANTIVE

tion
1. Shallow foundations 2. Deep foundations
3. Ground modification for
shallow foundation

Selec
PREDICT BEHAVIOR

ation
-Settlement Select
-Bearing capacity Another
-Lateral stability Foundation

ound
-Environmental factor Alternative

DETERMING FEASIBILITY

t of F
Not Acceptable
-Predicted vs. Required performance
-Potential construction problems
-Cost estimate After Selection

Char
Acceptable Process completed
RECOMMENDATION
Prepare
-Foundation type

Flow
Detailed
-Design data Design plans
-Construction procedures and Specification,
Monitor
 Types of Loads

A structure may be subjected to a combination of some or all of the following loads and
forces.
Dead loads
Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location through out
the lifetime of the structure. Usually the major part of the dead load is the weight of the
structure itself.
Live loads
Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads on bridges.
They may be either fully or partially in place or not present at all and may also change
in location. Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are uncertain, and even
their maximum intensities thorughout the lifetime of the structure are not known with
precision.
Environmental loads
These mainly consists of snow loads, wind pressure and suction, earthquake loads (i.e.
inertia forces caused by earthquake motions), soil pressures on subsurface portions of
structures, water pressure acting laterally against basement walls and vertically against
base slabs, loads from possible ponding of rainwater on flat surfaces, and forces caused
by temperature differentials. Like live loads, environmental loads at any given time 4are
uncertain both in magnitude and distribution
 Chapter # 02

Bearing Capacity of shallow Foundation

5
 Ultimate Bearing Capacity
It is the least pressure which would cause shear failure of the supporting soil
immediately below and adjacent to a foundation.

Unit of ultimate bearing capacity is of stress, i.e., kPa, tsf , ksf etc.

6
 Shear Failure Modes

There are three modes of shear failures

General Shear Failure
Local Shear Failure
Punching Shear Failure

These depends upon the compressibility of soil and depth of footing with
respect to its breath (i.e. D/B ratio).

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 General Shear Failure

Ultimate Load

 Characterized by well defined failure pattern, consisting of a wedge and slip surface and
bulging (heaving) of soil surface adjacent to the footing.
 Sudden collapse occurs, accompanied by tilting of the footing
 Occurs in dense or stiff soil.
 Failure load is well defined.

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 Local Shear Failure

General Shear Failure

Local Shear Failure

 Failure pattern consist of wedge and slip surface but is well defined only
under the footing. Slight bulging of soil surface occurs. Tilting of footing is
not expected.
 Large settlement occurs.
 Ultimate load is not well defined.
 Occurs in soil of high compressibility. 9
 Punching Shear Failure

G
en
er
al
Sh
ea

Loc
rF
ai

al
lu
re

She
Pun

ar
chi

Fai
ng

lure
She
ar
Fai
lure
 Failure pattern is not well defined.
 No bulging of ground surface, no tilting of footing.
 Failure take place immediately below footing and surrounding soil remains
relatively unaffected.
 Large settlements-ultimate load is not well defined.
 Occurs in soil of very high compressibility.
 It also occurs in the soil of very high compressibility, if the foundation is
located at considerable depth.
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 Effect of D/B ratio

GL

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 Foundation Pressure

1. Gross Pressure

2. Net Pressure Wss

Gross Pressure
It is the total pressure at base of the footing due to the
weight of superstructure and earth fill if any
Wss = Load from superstructure.
GL
WF=Weight of foundation.
Wbs=Weight of the back fill soil. Wbs /2 Wbs /2

qgross = (Wss + WF + Wbs)/A

WF
A=Area of the footing D

q=D q=D

qgross
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 Net Pressure Intensity (qnet)
It is the increase in pressure at foundation level, being the total weight less the weight of the
soil permanently removed.
GL GL

D q=D
qgross

Before Excavation Putting the relation for after Excavation

Stress at foundation level is

=D

If WF is taken roughly equal to Wbs then

This leads to

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 Safe bearing capacity (qsafe)

The safe bearing capacity (gross) to avoid shear failure is obtained by reducing (or
dividing) the ultimate bearing capacity by a safety factor.
qsaf in terms of gross pressure
qsafe = qult/FOS (Applied gross pressure, qgross  qsaf)

FOS = 2.53 (Generally)

qsafe (net) in terms of net pressure

qsafe(net) = qult (net) / FOS

qsafe(net) = (qult - D)/FOS (Applied net pressure, q net  qsaf(net))

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 Allowable Bearing Capacity (qa)

It is the maximum pressure which may be applied to the soil such that the two
fundamental requirements are satisfied.
a) Limiting the settlement to a tolerable amount
b) Shear failure of supporting soil is prevented.
So the allowable pressure is the minimum of
 qsafe
 Stress required to cause a specified amount of settlement

Shear Criterium

qa=Allowable Minimum

Settlement Criterium
Bearing Capacity

Applied qnet<=qa
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