ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC

AND PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES

TYPES OF TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
1 2
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CONTENT STANDARD: PERFORMANCE STANDARD

The learner acquires The learner produces a

knowledge of appropriate detailed abstract of
reading strategies for a information gathered from
better understanding of the various academic texts
academic texts. read.
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LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
 The LEARNER explains the specific ideas contained in
various academic texts. CS_EN 11/ 12A-EAPP-Ia-c-3.
 The LEARNER uses knowledge of text structure to
glean the information he/she needs. CS_EN 11/ 12A-
EAPP-Ia-c-4.
 The LEARNER uses various techniques in
summarizing a variety of academic texts. CS_EN 11/
12A-EAPP-Ia-c-5.
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LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

 The LEARNER paraphrases/ explains a text using one’s own

words. CS_EN 11/ 12A-EAPP-Ia-c-6.
 The LEARNER outlines reading texts in various disciplines.
CS_EN 11/ 12A-EAPP-Ia-c-8.
 The LEARNER summarizes the content of an academic text.
CS_EN 11/ 12A-EAPP-Ia-c-9.
 The LEARNER states the thesis statement of an academic text.
CS_EN 11/ 12A-EAPP-Ia-c-6
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ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

GRADE 11 QUARTER 1
ENGLISH 11

WEEK 2

TYPES OF TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
DETERMINING
TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
 WHAT IS TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE?

It is an evidence in text whether fiction

or non- fiction, that a READER CAN USE
to illustrate his or her ideas and
support his or her claim.
 WHAT IS TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE?
It is the evidence that will support your thesis
statement.

It can be a quotation, a paraphrase of a

quote, or even the explicit and implicit
information given in the material.
 TYPES OF TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE

1. Referencing
2. Paraphrasing
3. Quoting
4. Summarizing
1. Referencing

This is the act of mentioning someone or

something like an event or action in the text.

You ACKNOWLEDGE the source and you

allow your readers to trace where you
got your proof to support your point.
Examples:

 This is clear when Mersault attends his mother’s

funeral. The Stranger by Albert Camus

 In the Song of Solomon by Tori Morrison, the

evidence was made clear when he flew over the sea.
Examples:

 In “Interracial Generation: ‘We are who we are’,”

Daryl Strickl describes the plight of mixed- race
individuals who can find no category on forms
such as the census to descibe their particular
background
2. QUOTING

 Quoting is using the exact words from the original text.

 This is a good way to back up your claim.

 Quoting the author’s words and those of

leading experts or authorities is a sure way
to support your claim.
Thus, quotation
provides
important pieces of evidence
and
lends fresh voices and
perspectives
to your narrative.
 When to
quote?

when a passage is distinctive, insightful or interesting

“You must knock on doors until your knuckles
bleed. Doors will slam on your face. You must pick
yourself up, dust yourself off, and knock again. It’s
the only way to achieve your goals.”

- Michael Uslan
When to quote?

when a material supports the assertions in the paper

New York Times best

John Maxwell,
selling author, said: “If we are growing,
we are always going to be outside our
comfort zone."
 When to
quote?

when you need to quote authorities who disagree

with you or offer alternative explanations or
contradictory data
 When NOT to quote?

X just to fill in space

X as a substitute for thinking

X cannot paraphrase author’s ideas due to lack of

understanding
QUOTATION
HOW TO USE IT?

There are three

PRIMARY STYLE MANUALS
in documenting and punctuating quotation
MLA (Modern Language Association)
Humanities like English & History

APA (American Psychological Association)

Social Sciences like Psychology and Sociology

CBE (Council of Biology Editors)

Natural Sciences like Biology and Chemistry
How do we integrate quotations into
our writing?
FIRST
Introduce a quotation with a verb.

Further, Krashen (1981) in his affective filter hypothesis points out: “Performers with high
or strong filters will acquire less of the language directed at them, as less input is
‘allowed in’ to the language-acquisition device.”

says maintains
claims
states holds contends
asserts explains
1.The usual practice if introducing a quotation is to
give the author’s name, his or her credentials or
even the title of the word followed by a verb of
SAYING.
2.Employs a verb of saying that fits the over all tone
of your essay
Maxwell (1995) claims, “A great
leader's courage to fulfill his vision
comes from passion, not position.”
SECOND

Introduce a quotation without a verb. Run your

sentence and the quotation together.

It could also be a possibility that “anxiety does not hinder the

development of language ability directly but rather acts as a kind of a
gate, preventing the students from adopting effective learning practices”
(Horwitz and Young, 1991: 177).
3. PARAPHRASING
 Paraphrasing is explaining the author’s or
some one else’s work in your own words
without losing the original idea of the text.

• It is defined as putting a passage from an

author “into your own words.”
 ORIGINAL
Examples (Shoemaker, 1989)
Religion was very important in the formation of the United States. The
religious foundations upon which the country was built are still evident in
some important ways today.

PARAPHRASED
(Shoemaker, 1989)
When the United States began, religion was an extremely important force.
These original religious beliefs are still obvious in the country today.
 GUIDELINES PARAPHRASING

• Read the article for general understanding.

• Reread for complete comprehension, look for
simple definitions for words you don’t understand.

• Set aside the original and write a rough draft on

your paraphrase. Restate the ideas of the article or
book in your words. Avoid using the original
wording.
 GUIDELINES PARAPHRASING

• Check the original to see if you have not left out any important ideas or
have not unstated anything.
– (Paraphrases are usually the same length as originals although sometimes a
paraphrase may need to be longer to fully explain any difficult ideas in the
original.)

• Do not add your opinions or ideas within the paraphrase.

 GUIDELINES PARAPHRASING

• Follow the author’s own organization of ideas. This should make your
paraphrase easier to understand and more logical.

• Include examples, illustrations and anecdotes but be certain to reword

them.
– Since the purpose of a paraphrase is to help someone understand
the material, examples and details are important.
 GUIDELINES PARAPHRASING

• Use the same verb tense throughout your paraphrase.

• State the author (if known), title of the article or book, and
other publication information (date, publisher, place) either at
the end or within the body of the paraphrase.
 PARAPHRASING

Activity

Music can move us to tears or to dance, to fight or to make love. It

can inspire our most exalted religious feelings and ease our anxious
and lonely moments.
- Anne H. Rosenfed Music, “The Beautiful Disturber”

PARAPHRASED
Music can make us cry or waltz, engage in brawl, or experience the art
of romance. It can motivate ecstatic heavenly feelings and relieve
anxiety or loneliness.
 PARAPHRASING

Activity

The author, Harold Sherman, whose book, “Wonder Healers of the

Philippines” , was responsible for the international fame of our faith healers,
calls the new method psychic surgery. The healer’s unsterilized hands
appear to penetrate the patient’s flesh in a mysterious and painless way.
While one hand holds the wound open, the other hand explores the cavity
and extracts diseased tissues from within. The operation is over in less
than ten minutes and the healer closes the incision faster than it takes to
seal an envelope.
- Manlapaz, et.al., The Anvil Guide to Research Paper Writing, 1995
”
 PARAPHRASING
Activity

Author Harold Sherman made our faith healers world famous through his
book “Wonder Healers of the Philippines”. He calls their healing method
psychic surgery. Using no other instruments but his own hands, the healer
inexplicably seems to open up the patient’s flesh, extract diseased tissues
and close it up again. The whole operation takes less than ten minutes.
- Manlapaz, et.al., The Anvil Guide to Research Paper Writing, 1995
”
4. SUMMARIZING
Summarizing stating
is the
essential ideas together in a
fewer words. This may be in a
sentence, sometimes a paragraph without
including your opinion, attitudes and
judgments.
SUMMARIZING
•Summarizing is condensing or shortening
the main ideas of other people.

•Paragraphs are shortened into one, two, or

three sentences. Usually, the summary
cuts the selection to at least 3 the
length of the original text.
 SUMMARIZING

Example

Original Text
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking
notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the
final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your
final manuscript should appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount
of exact transcribing of source materials while taking
notes
(Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.2nd ed. (1976):
46-47.).
 SUMMARIZING
Example

Summarized

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation

from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted
material in a research paper (Lester, 1976).
Example paragraph with in - text citation

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs

designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing,
Rossiter, & Munro, 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the
research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to
non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students
preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-
native speakers could benefit from a similar program.
 REFERENCES

Valdez, P. N. M. (2016). English for the globalized classroom series: English

for Academic and Professional Purposes. Quezon City: The Phoenix
Publishing House.
https://www.azquotes.com/quotes/topics/pick-yourself-up.html
https://www.graduationwisdom.com/speeches/0018-uslan.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323969213_Foreign_Language_Re
ading_Anxiety_among_Yemeni_Secondary_School_Students

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/quoting_p
araphrasing_and_summarizing/paraphrasing.html
https://www.ic.edu.lb/uploaded/Library/guides/APA_-_Intext_Citation.pdf
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p6tm1tqf/Or-Students-should-take-just-a-fe