Speech Context

How do you communicate?

 Intrapersonal Communication
Communicating With Oneself.
Intrapersonal Communication may be seen in
situations involving talking to or writing to oneself,
even thinking to oneself.
Clearly, in Intrapersonal Communication, the
Speaker and the Listener are one and the same:
YOU. You send the
 Intrapersonal Communication
 Examples:
1. Talking to oneself may mean repeating a song heard while looking in
the mirror, memorizing out loud a dialogue in a play, or berating oneself
in a mutter on the way to school for forgetting one's homework.
2. A teenager may write in a diary or on a private blog which nobody
else is supposed to read. One also writes on Post-it notes to remind
oneself of things to be done. And, of course, there is daydreaming,
meditating, or mental planning.
 Intrapersonal Communication
Message to yourself and you yourself receive that Message.
This form of communication may also come in the following forms:
1. Writing (by hand or with a word processor) one’s thoughts or
observations;
2. Making gestures while thinking;
3. Sense-making, like interpreting maps, texts, signs, and symbols;
4. Interpreting nonverbal communication, like gestures and eye
contact; and
5. Communicating with body parts like “My head is telling me it’s
time for a rest.”
 DID YOU KNOW?
According to some experts like
Kahn, we can communicate with
ourselves 50,000 times a day,
which indeed is a lot of
communication and needs great
attention. If we understand
intrapersonal communication, we
can improve the quality of our
lives.
Importance of Self-Talk

1. It affects our performance.

 Positive intrapersonal communication leads to
positive feelings, which in turn generate positive
actions. You who affirm or believe in your
capabilities, strengths, and god qualities perform
better than those who feel oppressed and indulge in
negative self-dialogs.
Importance of Self-Talk

2. It influences our communication with others.

 Intrapersonal communication has either positive or negative
implications for your communication with others. Low self-
esteem and poor self-image caused by negative intrapersonal
communication may badly affect your ability to communicate
with others. People who stammer cannot express
themselves clearly not because of their physical defeat but
because of low self-concept.
Importance of Self-Talk

3. It makes a deep impact on our personality.

Intrapersonal communication has a deep penetrating
influence on our overall personality. If you are bored,
unhappy, and miserable, you suffer from depression
and frustration and these will affect the way you deal
with people.
If you have a happy disposition,
you become optimistic and
enthusiastic about life. This in
turn contaminates people
around you.
Strategies for Improving Intrapersonal Communication
Monitor and improve your intrapersonal communication because of its
impacts on your personality, life, performance, and relationships.

1. Be aware of your thoughts, both positive and negative. You should

consciously focus on your thoughts, so you can become aware of their
nature. If your thoughts turn negative, shift direction and turn to
positive thoughts.

2. Choose the better one. Choose positive thoughts and consciously

remove negative ones. Mental discipline, persistence, and willpower
can help you do it.
Strategies for Improving Intrapersonal Communication
Monitor and improve your intrapersonal communication because of its
impacts on your personality, life, performance, and relationships.

3. Take action. Nothing happens without a cause, and nothing happens

if you do not act. Continuously engage in positive self-talk because this
is self-supportive and affirmative. Delete all negative thoughts.

4. Prayers. More things are wrought by prayers. Pray that you would get
positively connected to a force bigger than you.
 Interpersonal Communication

It is a formal or informal interaction in the process of

sending and receiving information between two or
more people.
It encompasses oral, written, and nonverbal
communication.
 Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
1. Interpersonal communication is inevitable because it is necessary for
human survival; it is irreversible because you cannot take back
whatever you have said.
2. Interpersonal communication is influenced/affected by culture and
power.
a. Different cultures express themselves differently, verbally or
nonverbally.
b. You communicate differently with different people. You talk more
formally with your teachers and parents than with friends.
 Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
3. Interpersonal communication changes with technology. Before, we
had only the radio, telegraph, television, and telephone; today we have
cell phones, instant messaging, chatting, emailing, Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, Viber, Youtube, and so on.

4. Interpersonal communication involves rules. Guidelines and

expectations control our manner of communication.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication
1. Dyadic Communication involves only two participants forming the
DYAD. One Speaker and one Listener come together to exchange
thoughts, ideas, opinions and information. The roles of Speaker and
Listener are not fixed, they are interchangeable.

Ex: Conversation is informal dyadic communication

Interview And Dialogue are formal dyadic communication.
 Conversation is the most common, the most frequent, and the most
popular of all dyadic communication. Talking with others is one way
people amuse themselves.
 Dialogues usually happen during guidance counseling, consulting with
a priest, or heart-to-heart talks with a trusted person. One bares heart
and soul to go deeper into their motivations, attitudes, and beliefs.
 Interviews are almost always highly formal compared to conversation,
but not as in depth as a dialogue is.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication
2. Small Group Communication
 requires from 3 to 15 people to study an issue, discuss a problem, and
come up with a solution or a plan. This is not just a gathering of
people with no goal in mind but to pass the time. The group has an
agenda, a leader, and an outcome to accomplish. Because everyone
can be both Speaker and Listener in this setting, rules must be
followed to facilitate order. Order allows for a full discussion, which
leads to a compromise and the hoped for result: a solution or a plan.
Small groups may be divided into two according to purpose: Study
Groups and Task- oriented Groups.
 Study Groups are meant to look into a problem but not necessarily
come up with a solution.
 It is the Task-oriented Groups that study an issue such as the
perennial traffic problem of Metro Manila or the pollution of Laguna
de Bay to come up with a plan to resolve that issue.

Examples of Small Groups are panel discussions, symposia, roundtables,

etc.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication
3. Public Communication
 one Speaker addresses many Listeners, collectively known as an
Audience.
 There is no interchanging of the Speaker and Listener roles. Many
Public Communication events are formal. The speech is well
prepared, the Speaker is dressed appropriately, and the Listeners
are set to listen to the Message. Moreover, there is usually a stage,
a lectern, and a microphone coupled with a sound system and,
sometimes, spotlights.
Usually, the programs are formally structured:
 with a Master of Ceremonies or MC (emcee)
 a Welcome Address
 an Introduction of the Keynote Speaker
 the speech by the Keynote Speaker or Paper Presenter
 Closing remarks.
 The informal version of Public Communication does not necessarily
have a stage, the Speaker may be dressed informally, and there may
or may not be a microphone or, sometimes, just a megaphone. With
no sound system at all, the Speaker has to project his/her voice to be
heard by the Audience.
 This informal form of Public Communication happens when the
gathering is impromptu such as family reunions and is most often
seen during protest rallies, especially while participants are moving
through the streets.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication
4. Mass Communication

 is any of the above human verbal interactions carried out

with the aid of mass media technology.
 Mass media used to mean only radio and television, which
reached more people with the use of their technical
systems.
 With the advent of the Internet and the worldwide web, Mass
Communication now includes Social Media, which allow for the use of
technology by everyone, not just journalists, broadcasters, and
technical crew.

 Social Media cover videos that go viral on the Internet as well as

webcasts/podcasts which reach millions, more than radio or TV ever
could. In fact, radio and TV have joined Social Media by putting up
their own websites to communicate to a larger audience.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication
5. Organizational Communication

 refers to the interaction of members along the links

in an organizational structure.
2 Variations of Organizational Communication
1. Formal Organizational Communication
 uses the proper channels graphically illustrated by organizational
chart. Memos, announcements, and reports are passed along to the
members of the organization following the chain of command.
Example: A memo on salary increase, which is issued by the company
president, sent along to the vice president, then is passed on to the
managers, and, finally, handed on to the supervisors before reaching the
employees.
2. The Informal Organizational Communication
 bypasses the links, skips forward or backwards, or even goes sideways
just to achieve the same goal.
Example, to pass on a memo, announcement, or a report. The memo on
salary increase will probably reach the employees faster than the formal
announcement because the secretary who typed the memo told another
secretary who told the supervisor who shared it with co-workers. This is
not to say that one is more important than the other, or that one is bad,
the other not. Both types of Organizational Communication are
necessary for the organization to survive.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication
6. Intercultural Communication
 is the exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices
between and among people of different nationalities and ways of
life.
 It goes beyond showcasing folk dances, local songs, and native
delicacies.
 To make the exchange more meaningful, there should be a deeper
understanding and awareness of what makes various nationalities
different and unique, but also similar and familiar.
For example:
 A roundtable discussion to exchange views about how we
relate with our families can show the differences and
similarities in Korean and Philippine cultures.
 A lecture on the Chinese way of doing business might
enlighten Filipino businessmen.
 Chatting with a friend from Abu Dhabi might bring out the
difficulties of a Catholic Filipino migrant worker in a Muslim
country.
Before Public Communication can take place, the Speaker subjects
himself/herself to Intrapersonal Communication by thinking, writing, and
talking to oneself. Small Group Communication happens because of
something that came up in a Dyadic Communication, and so on. Given
the Context and Purpose, Communication Strategies are also based on
different types of Speech Styles.
All Communication, whatever the Speech
Context, has to have a Purpose.

Each Context that one may be engaged in

is according to what best suits the Purpose
and how best to accomplish it, but the
Contexts are not mutually exclusive.
SPEECH STYLES
are patterns of speaking characterized by
distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, intent,
participants, and grammatical structures.
 SPEECH STYLES
Martin Joos (1959) claimed the existence of five kinds of styles:
1. Intimate
2. Casual
3. Consultative
4. Formal
5. Frozen
 SPEECH STYLES
According to Joos, it is common for humans in a
communicative situation to easily move from one style to the
one next to it, but not to the one not near to it. It is also
possible, according to him, to make use of two styles at the
same time when engaging in artful speech such as preaching.
 SPEECH STYLES
Each Speech Style is as distinct as the Types of Speech Context and can
be paired according to usage.

1) Intimate
 is a non-public Speech Style that uses private vocabulary and includes
nonverbal messages.
 It is a style in which meaning is shared even without "correct linguistic
forms".
 SPEECH STYLES
 This occurs among people who have known each other for a long time
and have shared many experiences. Because they know each other
well, they can sometimes complete each other's sentences and know
what the other person is thinking even before they open their
mouths.
 Even without the correct linguistic forms, people using the Intimate
Style understand each other.
 Examples: When communicating with one’s self (Intrapersonal)
When communicating to your mother or father or any
family member
 SPEECH STYLES
2. Casual
 is a Speech Style used among friends and acquaintances that do
not require background information.
 A speaker speaking casual style uses a lot of trendy words and
phrases and speaks in incomplete or elided sentences such as
“meet at the park?”
 Another example of elided sentences given by Martin Joos, is the
removal of the subject such as in “Bought it yesterday. Makes no
difference”.
 SPEECH STYLES
 The use of slang is common and interruptions occur
often. Casual Style is used when there are no social
barriers to consider.
 Although casual style is used in transmitting
information, it is more closely connected to social
interaction as a function of communication, deepening
friendships.
Example: When asking something or talking to a
classmate or a friend
 SPEECH STYLES
3. Consultative
 is a conversational style which is the opposite of the
Intimate style because this style is used precisely among
people who do not share common experiences or
meaning.
 This does not preclude disclosure of background
information later in order to become the basis of shared
meaning.
 SPEECH STYLES
 Consultative Style requires two-way participation and
interruptions can occur during the communication.
 The speaker constantly observes the listener’s verbal and
nonverbal cues for feedback as to whether the speaker
seems to be giving too little or too much information.
 The speaker pronounces words well, chooses words
carefully, and speaks in complete sentences to minimize
misunderstanding.
 SPEECH STYLES
 Consultative style is impossible when the listeners become
too numerous for consultation.
 This style is closely connected to information as a function of
communication. It does not result to closeness between
people.
Examples: When talking to strangers
When asking medical practitioner about your
health condition
 SPEECH STYLES
4. Formal
 is used only for imparting information.
 The Speech is well organized and correct in grammar and
diction.
 Technical vocabulary and exact definitions are important
in the Formal Style, such as in presentations.
 Straightforward and direct, with no circumlocution, this
style does not allow interruptions.
 SPEECH STYLES
 This style is called upon when speaking in formal settings
no matter how the participants are related to each other.
 One important word used in formal style is the word may
(such as in, you may speak now.)
 Another characteristic is the use of a lot of Latinisms.
Latinisms are sentence structures that are very similar to
Latin but not considered natural English.
 SPEECH STYLES
Latinism Natural English
From whom did you get it? Who did you get it from?
It is I. It’s me.

 The speaker plan the speech or utterances well in

advance. The speaker provides all the background
information his or her listener needs. Martin Joos states
that the listener does not actively participate in formal
style, meaning, he or she does not speak.
 SPEECH STYLES
Comparison of casual, consultative, and formal style:
Casual Consultative Formal
C’n I help you? Can I help you? Can/May I help you?
I c’n help you. I can help you. I can help you.
 Notice that the casual style uses reduced language form (c’n).
 Consultative style involves speaking in clear, complete sentences.
 Formal style uses clear, complete sentences as well as words
considered formal.
5. Frozen
SPEECH STYLES
 is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even
be archaic.
 is exemplified by prayers that have been recited in the same way
for years, the Pledge of Allegiance or Panatang Makabayan, and
the Oath of Office of any officer, whether of the Student Council or
of Congress.
 The role of frozen style is for creatively deriving ideas on the part
of the reader (or listener when the text is spoken). Needless to
say, the entire text is produced in advance.
 THANK
YOU!
DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS?
Facebook: Abi Millicent Carriedo