MICROBIOLOGY

MADE EASY
Bacteriology
Rigid Thick walled Bacteria
Free Living (Extra cellular)
Gram positive

Bacilli

Gram Negative
These all Bacteria can not be stained with Grams staining

ZN Staining Mycobacterium
Acid fast Bacteria (AFB) Chlamydia
Giemsa Staining
Non free living (obligate intracellular) Ricketsia
Thin walled walled Bacteria (Flexible) Borrelia
( spirochetes) silver impregnation staining Treponema
Leptospirae
wall less Bacteria flourochrome Staining Mycoplasma
Rigid Thick walled Bacteria
Free Living (Extra cellular) Streptocooci
Gram positive Aerobic Bacillus Staphylococci

Cocci
Non aerobic Clostridium
Spore forming
Bacilli Filamentous Actinomyces
Non Spore forming Nocardia
Non filamentous Corynebacterium
Listeria
 Cocci Neissereia N.Meningitidis
N.Gonorrhea
Gram Negative
 Facultative Haemophillus influenza
Respiratory
Bordetella pertusis
Legionella pneumonia

Brucecella
Straight Zoonotic Francicella
Pasturella
yersenia

Enteric & related Esherrica Coli

Enterobacter
Gram Negative Bacilli Serratia
Klebsellia
Helicobacter Salmonella
Curved Campylobacter Shigella
Vibrio Cholera proteus

Aerobic Pseudomonas

Anaerobic Bacteroids
 Enteric & related

Lactose fermentaors Slow Lactose fermentaors Non Lactose fermentaors

Klebsiella Serratia Salmonella

E.Coli Vibrio Shigella
Enterobacter Proteus
pseudomonas

Gram Negative Bacilli

 Motile Non Motile
B.Cereus B.anthracis All Cocci

All Clostridiae except C.perfringes

Listeria Monocytogen C.Diptheriae ActinomycesNocardia
All enterobacteriacae Klebsiella & Shigella
except H.influenzae Bordetella
Legionella Bacteroids
H.pylori Chlamydia Ricketsia
Compylobacter ( HCV ) Mycobacterium
Vibrio Cholerae Mycoplasma
Pseudomonas All zoonotics except
Y. enterocolitis
All Spirochetes
Capsulted Non Capsulted
S.pneumoniae N.gonorheae
S.pyogen ( Some ) All G+ Bacilli noncapsulted
S.aurues ( some) except anthracis
N.meningitidis Proteus
B.antracis Chlamydia
All Respiratory G_ ve Ricketsia
(HBL)
Spirochetes
All enterobacteriacae
Mycobacterium
except Proteus
V.cholerae
Mycoplasma
Brucella
All zoonotics except
Brucella
Obligate aerobics

Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium
Obligate anaerobs
(Gram + ve cocci) G+ ve Rods

Peptococcus Clostridiae
Propionibacterium
peptostreptococcus
Lactobacilus
S.Saprophyticus
Actinomyces Gram _ Rods
(Gram _ ve cocci)
Bifidobacterium Bacteroids fusobacterium
Veillonella
Facultatative anaerobs
Most streps
S.A , S.Epidermis
Neisseriae
C.Diptheriae L.monocytogen
All enterobacteriacae
HCV
Pasturella & Yersenia
 Bacteria in relation with oxygen
Obligate aerobic obligate anaerobic Facultative anaerobic

Microaerophillic Capnophillic Aerotolerant

( < 21% O2typically 2–10% O2)
H.Influenzae
N. gonorrheae Lactobacillus
H.pylori S.pneumoniae
Campylobacter
Borriellia
 4. Microaerophillic Bacteria
microorganism that requires lower levels of oxygen than
that are present in the atmosphere
(i.e. < 21% O2; typically 2–10% O2).
Many are also
microaerophiles may be capnophiles, requiring an elevated
concentration of CO210%
• H.pylori
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Borriellia
 5. Aerotolerant Bacteria
• don’t require O2 to grow but can survive or
tolerate oxygen environment
• Lactobacillus
• Streptococci ( S.pneumoniae)
 6. Capnophillic Bacteria
grow rapidly in the presence of high concentrations of CO2).
• Some capnophiles may have a metabolic requirement for
carbon dioxide
• while others merely compete more successfully for
resources under these conditions.

• H.Influenzae
• Neisseria gonorrhea
 Bacteria in relation with Temperature
• Mesophiles 20 – 45 C (most of Normal flora)
• Psychrophiles <20 – 0 C Moraxella Vibrio Pseudomonas
• Thermophiles >45 – 80 C lactobacilli bifidobacteria
• Hyperthemophiles
 Motile Non Motile
B.Cereus B.anthracis All Cocci

All Clostridiae except C.perfringes

Listeria Monocytogen C.Diptheriae ActinomycesNocardia
All enterobacteriacae Klebsiella & Shigella
except H.influenzae Bordetella
Legionella Bacteroids
H.pylori Chlamydia Ricketsia
Compylobacter ( HCV ) Mycobacterium
Vibrio Cholerae Mycoplasma
Pseudomonas All zoonotics except
Y. enterocolitis
All Spirochetes
Catalase + Oxidase +
All Staphylococci Listeria
Neisseriae Neisseriae
All enterobactereca Bordetella
Listeria Monocytogen Vibrio Compylobacter
Compylobacter Pseudomons
All Zoonotics except Brucella Pasturella
Francisella Urease +
Catalase _ H.pylori
All Streptococci Proteus Providentia
All Clostridiae Morganella
Coagulase + Brucella
S. Aureus Y.pestis U.urealyticum
Capsulted Non Capsulted
S.pneumoniae N.gonorheae
S.pyogen ( Some ) All G+ Bacilli noncapsulted
S.aurues ( some) except anthraci
N.meningitidis Proteus
B.antracis Chlamydia
All Respiratory G_ ve Ricketsia
(HBL)
Spirochetes
All enterobacteriacae
Mycobacterium
except Proteus
V.cholerae
Mycoplasma
Brucella
All zoonotics except
Brucella
 Virulance Factors Bacteria
Special Biochemical
characterstiscs Tests

Growth
 Classification of Streptococci
On 4 Basis
1 Lancified ( Group A B C D E ...)
2 Hemolysis ( Beta alpha gamma )
3 Biochemical
(1 Hipurate Hydrolsis 2 Growth in Hypertonic
Saline 3 Bile Solubility 4 Mannitol & Lactose)
4 Dug Sensitivity
1 Bacitracin 2 Optochin
 TABLE 15–3 Streptococci of Medical Importance
Species Lancefield Typical Diagnostic Features1
Group Hemolysis

S. pyogenes β Bacitracin-sensitive
GAS

Bacitracin-resistant;
S. agalactiae GBS β
hippurate hydrolyzed
GDS α or β /none Growth in 6.5% NaCl2
E. faecalis

S. bovis GDS α or none Mannitol +ve No growth in 6.5% NaCl

Lactose +ve

S. pneumoniae NA α Bile-soluble inhibited by optochin

Viridans group NA Not bile-soluble

α
not inhibited by optochin
 Streptococci
1 All grow on Blood agar
2 All R Catalase _
3 Only S.Pyogen is Bacitracin +
4 Only S.agalactiae is CAMP +
5 Only S.pneumoniae Bile & Optochin +
6 Only Enterococci Lactose &Mannitol +
7 Viridians All _
 S. Pyogen
• A. CELL WALL
1. C Carcbohydrate B ENZYMES
2 . M PROTEIN 1 Streptokinase
2. StreptoDnase
B. EXOTOXINS 3. Hylurinidase
1. Erythrogenic 4 Strepylolysin O& S
( scarlet fever)
2. EXOTOXIN A GROWTH
3.EXOTOXIN B Crystal violet Blood Agar
 S. AUREUS
• A. CELL WALL • EXOTOXINS
• Protein A 1. TSST
• Teichoic Acid 2 Exfoliative
• B.Enzymes 3 Leukocidins(alpha & PV)
• 1. Staphylokinase 4. Exotoxin alpha (Hemolysis)
• 2. Hylurunidase 5 Exotoxin beta (sphingomylin )
• 3. Catalse 6. Entertoxin (superantigen)
• 4. Coagulase Heat Stable / 6 types
• 5. DNASe Grows on
• 6. Lipase(C.Botulinium) DNAse agar & Mannitol salt
 Biochemical Tests Staphylococci
All Staphylococci are catalase + ve
S.aureus Coagulase +ve

S.Epidermis Coagulase -ve Novobiocin +ve

S.Saprophyticus
Coagulase -ve Novobiocin -ve
N.Gonorheae N.meningitidis
• 1. PILLI(>100) • 1. PILLI
• 2. PROTEINS • 2. Capsule(13 sero)
• Por • 3. PROTEINS ( 1- 5)
• Opa • 123 = por protein
• Rmp • 5 = opa
• 3. Ig A protease • 4. Ig A protease
• 4. LOG • 5. LOG
• ( Endotoxin ) • ( Endotoxin )
 Simmilarities N.meningitidis
N.Gonorrheae
10 Catalse +ve
1Gm -ve Diplococc 11 Oxidase +ve
2 Facultative anaerob 12 Glucose +ve
3 Non Motile 13 Lactose -ve
4 Chocolate agar 14 Fructose -ve
15 Sucrose-ve
5 10% Co2 (Capnophillic)
16 DNAse -ve
6Ig A protease
17 Blood agar -ve
7 LOG Endotoxin 18 Nutient Agar -ve
8 Human Habitat 19 VCTN Media +ve
9 No Exotoxin 20 Pilli
 N.Gonorrheae differences N.meningitidis
1 Non Capsulted 1 Capsulted
2 Sexually Transmission 2 Respiratory droplets
3 > 100 Serotypes (Pilli) 3 > 13 Serotypes
4 Gonorhea 4 Meningitis
5 Neonatal Opthalmia 5 > 2yrs Children Mening
6 Genital & joints 6 No genitalia
7 Urine Sample 7 CSF Sample
8 Rarely BetaLactamase 8 Beta Lactamase
9 No Quelling Reaction 9 Quelling Reaction +ve
10 No Vaccine 10 Vaccines available
11 Maltose - ve 11 Maltose +ve
 H. INFLUENZAE
• Virulence factors Characteristics
• 1. PILLI Nonmotile
Non Hemolytic
• 2. Capsule D/D H.parahemolyticus &
• ( 6 types polysaccharide) H. Hemolytic R Hemolytic
Polyribitol phosphate Glucose
Ribose +
• 3. Ig A protease Xylose
• 4. LPS Indole V
( Endotoxin ) Urease

Lactose -
 B.Pertusis
Characteristics
• 1. Pilli
2 Filamentous
1 Catalse vM
Hemaglutin ( FHA)
2 Oxidase +
3 Capsule
4 EXOTOXINS 3 Urease _
• 1. Pertusis Toxin
• 2. Tracheal Cytotoxin 4 Growth on
• 3. Adenyl Cyclase Blood agar
5 ENDOTOXIN Choclate

Aerobic Mackonky _
Non Fermentator S-S Agar
 Legionella
• 1. Flagellum ( H Ag) 1 Tyrosine
• 2. Capsule 2 Gelatin
• 3. Enzymes 3 Hippurate +
• Protease lipase 4 Beta Lactamase
phosphatase RNAse
• DNAse 5 Oxidase V

4. Endotoxin
 B.antrhacis B. Cereus
1. Edema Factor Heat Labile enterotoxin
2. Lethal Factor ( Diarrhea type )
3. Protective Ag Heat Stable enterotoxin
( vomitting Type)
Glucose +
Sucrose +
Maltose +
Lecithinase + _
 C. Tetanus C. Botulinum
• Tetanospasmin Botulinum Toxin
Lipase +ve
Gelatin Hydrolysis +ve Gelatin Hydrol
DNAse V DNAse
Lactose Lactose
Lecithinase _
Lecithinase
Lipase
Mannitol
Mannitol Proteolytic activity CDE
Proteolytic activity ABF +
 Botulinum Tetanus Similarities
1 G+ve 9 Gelatin Hydrolysis +
2 Anaerobic 10 Lactose
3 Paralysis 11 Lecithinase _
4 Most Toxic Exotoxin 12 Mannitol
5 No endotoxin
6 Anaerobic Growth
7 Bile agar Growth
8 Can spread by Wound
 Tetanus VS Botulinum
1 Terminal Spores 1
( Drumstick )
2 Spastic Paralysis 2 Flaccid paralysis
3 Spreads only by 3 can also spread by food
wound ingestion
4 Lipase _ 4 lipase +
 C.Perfringes C. Difficle
• alpha Toxin • Toxin A
• Lecithinase Enteotoxin
Enterotoxin • Toxin B
Like S. Aureus • Lysis Cell
membrane
Gelatin Hydrolysis +ve
DNAse + • Mannitol +
Lactose + Gelatin Hydrolysis _
Lecithinase + DNAse _
Mannitol _ Lactose _
Lipase _ Lecithinase _
Proteolytic activity
Corrynebacterium Diptherae
• Dipthera Toxin Glucose
• ( polypeptide) Maltose +

Nitrate reduction V
Nonhemolytic
Urease
Alk: phosphatase _
Sucrose
H2 S _
 Listeria Monocytogen

1 listeriolysin O Catalase
Glucose
2. Internalin Maltose +
Esculin
3. Hemolysin
( Beta hemolysis )
Mannitol _
Umbrella Growth in
H2 S _
Stab culture
 EXOTOXINS
Most powerful Toxins
1 Botulinum
2 Diptherea
3 Shigella
4 Tetanus
They all R neurotoxins as
target organ is distant
from primary site
 Superantigens
1. TSST by S.A + SuperAg activate T Cells
2 Erythrogenic Toxin release Cytokine
S.pygen IFN gamma Macrophages
( Scarlet fever ) IL 1 & TNF stimulate
3 .Enterotoxins of enteronervous System
4 S.A & C. Perfringes Vomitting
5 Lecithinase by
C.Perfringes
TELEE
 Diseases By Superantigens
Scarlet fever Kawasaki's Disease
Toxic Shock Syndrome Nasal polyp
Diarhea DM
( S.aureus
+C.Perferinges)
RA
Eczema
Psoriasis
 Diarrhea Causing Bacteria
Watery Bloody+ Fever
B.anthracis
B.Cereus E.Coli ( Shiga toxin )
S. A = entereotoxin EPEC EHEC EIEC
C.perfringes ===== Shigella
C. Difficle Campylobacter
enrterotoxin Y.entericolitis
E.Coli entero TB Intestine
Cholera ====== S.Typhimumi
Parahemolyticus ( F)
S.Typhi (F) BEST CTY
 Pseudomonas
• 1. Flagella ( H Ag ) • 8 ENzyMes
• 2. Pilli • 1. Hemolysin ??
• 3. Capsule • 2. Elastase
• 4. Pyocinin
• 3. Collagenase
• 5. Endotoxin
• 4 DNAse
• 6 Exotoxin A
• ( like Diptherea) • 5 Fibrinolysin
• 7. Exotoxin S Aerobic
• ( type lll secretory Non Fermentator
Strain )
Oxidase +
 Biochemical Tests . .
(Pseudomons)
1 Oxidase 1 Maltose
2 pyoverdin 2 Mannitol V
3 Arginine + 3 Urea
4 Acetamide

1 Lactose
2 Lysine _
3 Esculine
 E.Coli
• 1. Flagella ( H Ag ) • 7 EXOTOXINS
• 2.pilli (enterotoxin)
• 3.Capsule ( k Ag ) 1. Heat labil ( LT)
• 4. Endotoxin ( O Ag ) Enterotoxin = Watery
• 5 Adhesins 2 Heat Stable (ST)
• 6 Siderophores 3. Shiga Toxin = Bloody
( Verotoxin) 0157: H7
By Bacteriophage
 Biochemical E.Coli
Lactose TSI
Mannitol + Butt & Slant Yellow
Glucose H2S _
Sucrose V Gas +

MIU
Oxidase _
(motility indole urea)
Citrate
Motile
Indole + ( EHEC _ )
Urea _
 EXOTOXINS
• ADP Ribosylation Diptheria+Pseudomons
1 Botulinum Toxin (8) Elongation Factor ( EF)
2 B. Pertusis Toxin inhibit Protein Synthesis
3 Cholera Toxin Cholera + E.Coli
4 Diptherea ADP Ribosylate
5 E.Coli ( entero LT ) G5protein activates
6 Tetanus Adenylate Cyclase CAmp
Diarrhea
7 pseudomonas( Exo A)
Pertusis Gi protein
 VIBRIACEAE
H PYLORI • Vibrio Cholerae
1 H Ag ( Flagella) 1 H Ag ( Heat labile)
2 Urease 2 Endotoxin
3 LPS /Endotox 3 Capsule
Compylobacter ( some species)
1 H Ag 4 Mucin & Fimbriae
2Cytotoxin 5 Coleragen
3 Endotoxin E.Coli ( LT)like Diarhea
 V. Cholerae
Biochemical
Glucose
Sucrose (_ V.Para)
H.pylori
Mannitol +
Compylobacter Oxidase
Indole
Citrate V
Urea
Lactose _
H2S
Gas
 Biochemical enterobactereasae
Sucrose +
1 All R Glucose +
Klebsiella
2 All R Mannitol +
providentia
except Proteus
Morganella & Y.entericolitica
Pseudomons V. Cholerae
3 All R Oxidase _ 4 Indole +
But E.coli
Pseudomons Morganella
P. Vulgaris (P.mirables)
vibrio (Oxidase)
Vibrios
Compylobacter +
 M.Tuberculosis
1. Mycolic Acid 5 Phthiocerol
( Carb C 78 - C90) Dimycoceocate
2 Cord Factor
( trehelose Dimycolate)
3 Proteins
( PPD skin test )
4 Wax D
 Properties
Catalase 68% _ Non motile
Lipase Noncapsulated
Nitrate +
No endotoxin
NAP inhibition
Amidase No Exotoxin
Peroxidase
Neutral Red test
Pyrrazinamidase
 Zoonotics
1. All R Facultatative
intracellular parasites except 6 All R catalase + but
pasturella Francisella??
2 All R Capsulted except 7 Brucella is all +
Brucella
Catalase Oxidase urease
2 All R nonmotile except
Y.entericolitis
8 Only Yersenia grows on
3. All R Coccobacillay
Mackconkey
4 All R Bipolar Staining
9 oxidase + Brucelle &
+
Francisella
5 All present wit tender
lymphadenopathy except
Pasturella (cellulitis)
 Zoonotics
Brucella Francisella
1 Glucose
Capsule
2 Maltose +
Endotoxin
3 Glycerol
4 Oxidase
5 Urease
6 Catalase
7 Basic Fuchsin Sensitivity

Growth on MacConkey
V
 Pasturella 1 Oxidase
Aerobic 2 Catalase
Cellulitis 3 Mannitol
Capsule 4 Indole +
Nonmotile 5 Galactose
Nonhemolytic 1 Maltose
2 urease
3 V-P
 Yersenia
Yersenia pestis 1 Catalase
Capsule 2 Glucose
F-1 Ag ( fraction-1) 3 Maltose
V-W Ag 4 Mannitol
Bacteriocin ((Pesticin ) 5 Oxidase
Endotoxin 6 Nonlacose ( white
Exotoxin colonies on McConky)
Cardiotoxic for animals
Catalase + Oxidase +
All Staphylococci Listeria
Neisseriae Neisseriae
All enterobactereca Bordetella
Listeria Monocytogen Vibrio Compylobacter
Compylobacter Pseudomons
All Zoonotics except Brucella Pasturella
Francisella Urease +
Catalase _ H.pylori
All Streptococci Proteus Providentia
All Clostridiae Morganella
Coagulase + Brucella
S. Aureus Y.pestis U.urealyticum
 Vaccines
Live organisms Capsular polysach:
TB H.influenzae
Typhoid (+capsular) N.meningitidis
Tularemia S.pneumoniae
Killed Organisms Typhoid( live)
B.pertusis(+ acellular) Toxoid
V.cholerae Diptherea
R.powazekii ( Typhus) Tetanus
Coxiella burnetii ( Q fever) Purified protein(partially)
Y.pestis (plaque) B.anthracis
No Vaccine for enterobacteria B.pertusis
(except No vaccines for all Cocci
S.typhoid & V.cholerae except S.pneumoniae &
NOTES OF VIROLOGY
RNA VIRUSES

DNA VIRUSES
 DNA Viruses

Single stranded
Double Stranded
Non Enveloped
Enveloped Enveloped Non Enveloped

IcosaHederal Complex Shaped

(Box Shaped) Icosa Hederal Icosa Hedral
Hepatitis B
HSV 1 & 2 (POXViridae)
Herpes 6 (Roseola) Small pox Papiloma virus (100)
Herpes 8 Variolla Adenoma virus(41)
Herpes Zooster/(VZV) Vaccinia Polyma virus
Parvo Virus
EBV Molluscum contagiosum
CMV
 Herpes
HSV 1 Vesicles above chest
HSV 2 Vesicles below chest
VZV Vesicles starts from chest then to extremities
CMV Congenital anomalies , Hepatitis ,Seizures
Pneumonia , diarrhea
EBV Hepatosplenomegally , Lymphadenopathy

All are morphologically Indistinguishable

 Vesicular Rash 3 (Also called Alpha Herpes) No any Vesicular Rash
HSV 1 CMV
HSV 2 EBV
HSV 6 (sixth disease)
Varicella Zooster
Multinucleated Giant Cells ( 4)
Primary infection
HSV 1
in Epithelial Cell
HSV 2
Latent infection in Neuons
VZ
Beta Hepes CMV
CMV
HSV 6 (Roseola)
Gamma Hepes
EBV
Primary infection
HHV 8
& Latency
(kaposi Sarcoma Associated vireus)
in various tissues

Primary infection
& Latency
Lymphoid cells
 HSV 1 & 2
Lesions HSV 1 HSV 2
Skin Above the chest Below the chest
Mouth Gingivostomatitis Rare
Eye Keratoconjuctivitis Rare
CNS Encephalitis Aseptic Meningitis
(Temporal Lobe )
Neonate Rare Skin infections ,Encephalitis

DIC
Giant Cell Formation Yes Yes
Erythema Multiforme Yes Yes
Dissemination Yes Yes but Rare
 Adenoma virus
• 41 serotpes
• 40 & 41 causes diarrhea
• 3, 4, 7 ‘ 21 Respiratory disease (Adenoid & tonsills)
• 8 &9 keratoconjuctivitis (epidemic)
• 11 & 21 Cystitis ( haemorrhagic)
 Double Stranded Single stranded
RNA Viruses

Enveloped
Non EnvelopedNon Enveloped Enveloped Enveloped
ICOSAHEDERALICOSAHEDERAL HELICAL HELICAl
HELICAL
ICOSAHEDERAL
OrthhoMyxovirus
CORONA Virus (segmented)
PICARNO FLAVI VIRUS ARENA Virus
REOVIRIDEA Polio virus Influenza A & B
Yellow Fever (Segmented)
Reo virus Echo Virus Paramyxo Virus
Dengue Fever Lassa Fever Viru
Rota virus Entero virus Measles
st: Louis EV Lymphocytic
COLO Rido Tick Coxsackie A & B WNV Mumps
Choriomeningiti
Fever Virus Rhino Virus RSV
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A Parainfluenza Bunya virus
TOGA Virus
Human (segmented)
Rubella virus
CALICi Viridae metapneumonia virus California virus
Western EV
Norwalk virus RHABDO virus La Crosse virus
Eastern EV
Noro Virus Rabies Hanta virus
Venezuelin EV
Vesicular Stomatis Hazara virus
Hepatitis E Virus
RETRO Virus FILO Virus
HIV Marburg Virus
HTLV Ebola
RNA Serotypes
Viruses
All DNA Viruses have 1
Influenza > 100
serotype Except
Para Many (4) Adeno virus ( 41) &
influenza
papilloma 100
RSV 2

Measles 1 All Hepatitis Have 1 Serotype

Mumps 1
Except
Hepatitis C (4)
Rubella 1

Rabies 1
Rhino >100
Rota Several
Polio 3
Echo 30
Coxsackie Many(A &
B)
 Paramyxovirus

Rhabdovirus

Orthomyxovirus
Picornavirus

Coronavirus

Reovirus
Retrovirus 75
 DNA VIRUSES
All are Double stranded except Parvo(single)

All are enveloped except Papilomo virus Adeno virus

Parvo virus

All are ICOSAHEDERAL except Pox

( Box shaped , Complex & Brick)
All have 1 serotype except
papiloma virus (100 Adenoma virus (41)

All replicate in nucleus except Pox In cytoplasm

All RNA VIRUSES are enveloped except PCR ( nonenveloped)
P icarno viridae( Poloi Echo Entero COxsackie Rhino Hep A)
C alici viridae ( Noro virus)
R eoviridae (Rota virus)
E Hepattitis E
All nonenveloped Viruses are icosahedreal
All HELICAL shaped viruses are ENVELOPED
All enveloped RNA VIRUSES are Helical shaped
except FTR ( Flavi + Toga + Retro ( HIV) )
All RNA viruses are Single stranded except Reo (Double)
ONLY DEPLOID viruses are RETRO (HIV & HTLV)
 RNA VIRus TRANSMITION
• All Toga viruses are transmitted by Mosquito
except Rubella
• all Flavi viruses are transmitted by Mosquito
except Hep C & Hep G
• ORTHOMYXO ,PARAMYXO, CORONA, RHINO,
Cosxsackie B are transmitted by
Respiratory droplets
Polio , Coxsackie A, Hep A & E, Rota & Noro viruses
are Transmitted by ORO-FECAl
 RNA virus & mRNA synthesis
Positive (+) Sense Viruses

Use their RNA genome directly as mRNA So they are also called INFECTIOUS VIRUSES

So they don’t need any enzyme : RNA polymerase So they are polymerase _ve

Negative (_) Sense Viruses

So they are also called NON INFECTIOUS VIRUSES
They are converted first into mRNA
By enzyme RNA polymerase

They have their own enzyme So they are polymerase +ve

RNA polymerase
 HEPATITIS VIRUSES

HEPATITIS A RNA & NON ENVELOPED

Single Stranded ORO-fecal
DNA &
HEPATITIS B
Double Stranded ENVELOPED I/N & sexual

HEPATITIS C RNA &

Single Stranded ENVELOPED I/N & sexual
RNA &
HEPATITIS D ENVELOPED
Single stranded I/N & sexual
HEPATITIS E RNA & NON ENVELOPED ORO-fecal
Single Stranded

Others
All are ICOSA HEDERAL except Hepatitis D uncertain
CMV
EBV
 Hepatitis Viruses
• All are RNA except Hepatitis B ( DNA)
• All are Single Stranded except Hepatitis B
( Double stranded)
• All are IcosaHederal Shaped Except Hepatitis
D ( uncertain)
• All are enveloped except A & E (Non
Enveloped)
• All have 1 sero type except Hepatitis C (4)
 Icoshederal Shaped viruses
All DNA Viruses except Pox (BOX)
All Nonenveloped RNA Viruses( PCR E) + FTR
envelopedviruses
RNA VIRUSES
Enveloped Non Enveloped
Flaviviruse Polio Entereo Echo Rhino Hep A
Toga CaliciViridae
Retro Viruse Reo ( Rota virus + )
( HIV + HTLV) E Hepatitis
 Helical Shaped Viruses
ALL RNA enveloped viruses except FTR
No any nonenveloped RNA virus is Helical ( Non
Helical)
No any DNA Viruses is Helical Shaped
 GIT infections &
Diarrhea
All these are GI related
& Transmitted ORO-Fecal More Likely Less Likely

Diarrhea Entero virus

Rota virus
(Infants) Norwalk virus
Adeno Virus 40-41
Entero virus Corona virus

Rota virus
Entero virus
Diarrhea Norwalk like virus
(Adults Gastro) Adeno virus
(Adults) (Noro virus)
Noro Virus Rota virus
Respiratory infections
& Flu like Symptoms Rhino Virus
&
Adeno Virus
Influenza A & B
CORONA Virus
Measles
(German Measles) Mumps
Rubella virus RSV
Parainfluenza
Human
metapneumonia
virus
 Respiratory Tract Infections (RTI) VIRUSES
More Likely Less likely
Coryza ‘’Cold’’
Rhino Virus Influenza A & B
Adenovirus Para influenza 1 or 2
Para Influenza 3 RSV
Corona virus Entero virus
Influenza A & B
Adeno virus Para influenza 1 or 2
Pharyngitis
Herpes Simplex RSV
Enterovirus Rhino Virus
EBV Corona Virus
Croup Para Influenza1-3 Influenza A
RSV
Measles
Bronchiolitis Para Influenza1-3 Corona Virus
RSV

Influenza A
Pneumonia RSV Influenza B
Para Influenza 3 Para influenza
Adeno Virus EBV
CMV (immunocompromised)
 ArBoViruses

Sandfly

Sandfly fever virus

Mosquito Born viruse
WEEV Tick Born viruses
EEEV (Ticko Viruses)
VEEV
Chickengunya Bunya VIRUSES
HANAT virus
HAZARA virus
FLAVIVIRUSES
Dengue EV
Yellow fever
Japanese EV
WNEV
 Arbo Viruses ( Arthropod – borne virus)
Virus Vector Animal reservoir
Dengue virus Human & Monkeys
Aedes Mosquito

Yellow Fever Human

Urban Aedes Mosquito
Jungle Haemagogus Monkeys

CE Wild Birds
(California Encephalitis) Aedes Mosquito
EEE Wild Birds
(Eastern equine Encephalitis) Culiesta Mosquito

WEEV Wild Birds

(western Equine Encephalitis Culex Mosquito

SLE Small mammals

( St Louis Encephalitis) Culex Mosquito

WNE Culex Mosquito Wild Birds

(West Nile Encephalitis )
CTF Tick Small Birds
(Colorado Tick fever Virus)
 RNA Viruses

Encephaltis
& Aseptic Meningitis
ARENA Virus
FLAVI VIRUS FILO Virus (Segmented)
Yellow Fever Marburg Virus
Dengue Fever Ebola Lymphocytic
TOGA Virus st: Louis EV Choriomeningi
Rubella virus WNV RHABDO virus (LCM)
Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) Rabies
Vesicular Stomatis Bunya virus
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) (segmented)
Venezuelin Equine Encephalitis(VEE) California virus
La Crosse virus
Hanta virus
 Haemorrhagic Fever casusing
Viruses
TOGA Virus
Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
Venezuelin Equine Encephalitis(VEE)
Alfa virus PARAMYXO ??
Rubi Virus Measles
ARENA Virus
FLAVI VIRUS
Lassa Fever POX VIRUS
Yellow Fever
South American Small pox ??
Dengue Fever
Haemorrhagic fever
HEPES VIRUS
FILO Virus Chicken pox (HHV-3
Marburg Virus Bunya virus ??
Ebola Hanta virus
Aseptic Meningitis Echo virus VZ
Coxsackie a & B HS-2
Mumps LCM
Hanta virus
California

HSV-1
EBVEntero Rubella virus
CMV Western EV
Encephalitis Rabies Eastern EV
TOGA viruses Venezuelin EV
Bunya viruses California virus
La Crosse virus
Enteroviruses Hanta virus
 Skin Rashes

Vesicular Rashes
Herpes Simplex
Varicella Zooster Echo virus
Coxsackie virus A
Vaccinia

Measles
Echo virus Rubella
Maculopapular Rashes Coxsackie virus Adeno virus
HSV-6 & 7 EBV
Dengue

AdenoVirus
Echo virus
Petechial Rashes Coxsackie virus
Haemorhagic fever
Viruses
 Subcutaneous Bleeding
Petechiae
< 3mm

Purpura
>3 mm < 10 mm or 1cm

Echymosis ( Bruise )
> 10mm or 1cm
palpable purpura (Vascculitis )
Parasitology
Protozoa PARASITES Metazoa

2.Sporozoa 3.Mostigophora 4. Cilliates

1 Sarcodina (Flagellates)
(amoebas) plasmodium Giardia Lamblia Blantium Coli Nematodes
INTESTINAL Toxoplasma (Round Worms
Trichmonas Vaginalis
E.Histolytica Trypnosoma Platyhelminths
Leishmania (Flat Worms)
Lodameba

Diantameba Cestodes
Trematodes (Tape worms)
Free Living (Flukes)
Naegleria

Acanthameba
 Intestinal & Urogenital Prtozoa
Insect vector Transmission Infecttious Diagnosis
Stage

Entamoeba
(E.Coli) Cyst
None Food Or Tropozite
Cyst

Cryptococcus Cyst
None Food
Cyst Or Tropozite

Giardia
Cyst on
None Food
Cyst Acid fast

Trichomonas
Vaganilis
None Sexual Trophozoite Tropozite in
wet mount
Cryptoccus
 Notes
• There is no any insect vector
• All R transmitted by ingestion of cyst in food
except TV ( trophozite sexually )
• All R diagnosed by observing cyst or
Trophozite
• Except TV ( only Trophozite)
 Blood & Tissue Protozoa
infectious Definite Intermediate Diagnosis
Stage Host Host
(Sexual life) (asexual life)

Human
Plasmodium Mosquito Mosquito Trophozoite
(Sporozoites) In Blood

Human
Trypnosoma Tsetse fly ========== Trypomastigotes
1.gabiense; &
2. Rhodensei
Amastigotes
3. Cruzi Rudiviid Bug ==========

Human
Lyshmenia Promastigot in Amastigotes
Sandfly in
Human Blood or
Lesions
 Blood & Tissue Protozoa

• Human is intermediate Host for all

 Cestodes ( Tape worms )
Transmission Intermediatet Definite Host Diagnosis
Host ( sexual life)
(asexual life)

Larvae
Taenia solium By food Pigs Human Proglottidis
In Stool

Larvae
Beef Human
Taenia Sagnita Cattle Proglottidis
In Stool
Larvae
Fish Human
Diphylobothriu Copepod & Operculated
m latum Egg Fish Eggs in Stool
food Dog

Echinococuus Sheep & Cyst by CT

Granulosus Human Scan ;
(dead end ) serology
 Cestodes ( Tape worms )
All R transmitted by larva except E.Granulosus
(eggs)
Human is definite Host for all except E.
Granulosus
Diagnosed by proglotidis in stool except
E.granulosus ( cyst in tissues) & D.latum
TREMATODES ( FLUKES ) Definite
Intermed: Host
Transmission Diagnosis
Host
Schistosoma
mansoni Larvae Large lateral
By skin Human spine
penetration Snail Eggs
S. Japonicum Small lateral
Larvae
Human spine
By skin Snail Eggs
penetration
S. Larvae Large Terminal
Haematobium Human
By skin Snail spine
penetration Eggs

Clonorchis
Sinensis Larvae Snail & Fish Operculated
Human
By fish Eggs

Paragonimus Larvae Snail & Crab Human Operculated

Wesremani By crab
Eggs
 TREMATODES ( FLUKES )
• All R transmitted by larva ( 1st skin
penetration 2nd 2 by eating by fish & crab )
• Human is definite Host for all
• Snail is intermediate Host for all
• Last 2 have 2 intermediate Hosts
• All R diagnosed by observing eggs
Intestinal Nematodes Transmission Diagnosis
Enterbius Eggs Eggs on
Whip worm No insect ingestion Skin
vector
Eggs Eggs in
ingestion Stool
Ascaris
Eggs Eggs in
ingestion Stool
Trichuris
Larvae by
skin Eggs in
penetration Stool
Ancylostoma HOOKWORMS
& Necator Larvae by
skin Larvae in stool
penetration
Strongyloids Larvae by Larvae in
Pig meat muscles

Trichenella Larvae
clinical
 Intestinal Nematodes
No any insect vector
EAT ( Enterobius Ascaris Trichuris) Transmitted
by eating eggs last 4 by larva
HEAT ( Hook worms ) diagnosed by observing
eggs in stool
 TISSUE NEMATODES ( ROUND WIRMS)
Common Transmission Diagnosis
Name

Larvae by Microflarae
Wucheria Filariasis
mosquito Blood Smear

Onchocerca River Larvae by

Skin Biopsy
Blindnesd Black fly
Larvae by Microflarae
Loa Loa Deer fly Blood Smear

Larvae
Dracunculus Guinea worm Clinical
ingestion
 Parasites without intermediate Hosts
& without insect Vector

Intestinal & Urogenital Protozoa

Intestinal Nematodes
 TISSUE NEMATODES (E ROUND WIRMS)
All R transmitted by larvae
All diagnosed by microflarae except DO
(Dracunculus & Onchocerca ) by biopsy &
clinical
 Insect Vectors of parasites

Mosquito (Malaria + Wucheria)

Leishmeniasis
Sand fly
1. Gabiense; African Trypanosoma ( Sleeping sickness )
Tsetsefly 2. Rhodens
T.cruzi Chaga's Disease
Rudivud Bug

Black fly River Blindness

(onchererca)

Deer Fly Loiasis ( Loa Loa )

(Mango fly)
 Parasites with 2 intermediate
Hosts
1.Dipphylobothrium latum ( Coppods & Fish )
2. Clonorchis Sinensis (Snail & Fish )
3. Paragonimus (Snail & Crab )
4 . Echinococcus (Sheep & Human)
Granulosus
 Parasites Transmitted by Skin
Penetration
Directly by skin penetration

1. Schistosoma
2. Hookworm (Ancylostoma & Necator)
3. Stongyloids
Indirectly by Insect Vectors
4. Plasmodium ( Mosquito)
5. Leishmeniasis (Sand fly)
6. Trypnosoma (Tsetse Fly )
 Trachea
Lungs

Circulation Pharynx

Swallowed

Larvae hatch Adults in small intestine

in intestine Ascaris lumbricoides but don’t attach to wall

Human
Ingested Embryonated egg
with 2nd stage larva Eggs in feces
(infective stage) (Diagnostic stage)
External Environment

2-cell stage
Hookworm infection
Ancylostoma duodenale
attach to small intestine
Necator americanus

Penetrates skin
Eggs in feces
Filariform larva (Diagnostic stage)
(Infective stage)
Long & have notched tail

smaller & tail not notched

Rhabditiform larva in soil