Class XII

Subject: Computer Science with Python(083)

UNIT II Computer Networks (10 Marks)
Computer Network and Network types

By Amit Dutta
DAV Public School , Gandhi Nagar
 Syllabus of UNIT II
Computer Network
• Unit II: Computer Networks
• ● Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, Internet, Interspace Different ways of sending data across the network
with reference to switching techniques (Circuit and Packet switching).
• ● Data Communication terminologies: Concept of Channel, Bandwidth (Hz, KHz, MHz) and Data transfer rate
(bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps).
• ● Transmission media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, infrared, radio link, microwave link and
satellite link.
• ● Network devices: Modem, RJ45 connector, Ethernet Card, Router, Switch, Gateway, WiFi card.
• ● Network Topologies and types: Bus, Star, Tree, PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN.
• ● Network Protocol: TCP/IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), PPP, HTTP, SMTP, POP3, Remote Login (Telnet)
and Internet, Wireless / Mobile Communication protocol such as GSM, GPRS and WLL.
• ● Mobile Telecommunication Technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G; Mobile processors; Electronic mail
protocols such as SMTP, POP3, Protocols for Chat and Video Conferencing: VoIP, Wireless technologies such
as Wi-Fi and WiMax 7
• ● Network Security Concepts: Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spams Use of
Cookies, Protection using Firewall, https; India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber Crimes, IPR issues, hacking.
• ● Introduction To Web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language
(XML); Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Domain Names; URL; Website, Web browser, Web Servers;
Web Hosting, Web Scripting – Client side (VB Script, Java Script, PHP) and Server side (ASP, JSP, PHP), Web
2.0 (for social networking)
• ● E-commerce payment transactions using online banking, mobile banking, payment apps and services.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 Structure of a network

• The geometrical arrangement of computer resources , network devices

along with communication channel is known as Network structure or
Network topology.
Topology can be physical or logical
Physical Topology-Physical layout of nodes and cables in the network.
Logical topology- The way information flows between different components.

Types of Physical Network Topologies 

•Bus Topology
•Star Topology
•Ring Topology
•Mesh Topology
•Tree Topology
 Bus Topology

Bus topology is a network type in which every

computer and network device is connected
to single cable.

Features of Bus Topology

• It transmits data only in one direction.
• Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages of Bus Topology

• It is cost effective.
• Cable required is least compared to other
network topology.
• Used in small networks.
• It is easy to understand.
• Easy to expand joining two cables together.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

• Cables fails then whole network fails.
• If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more,
the performance of the network decreases.
• Cable has a limited length.
 STAR Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a
single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node
and all others nodes are connected to the central node.
Features of Star Topology
• Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
• Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
• Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fiber or coaxial
cable.

Advantages of Star Topology

• Fast performance with few nodes and low network
traffic.
• Hub can be upgraded easily.
• Easy to troubleshoot.
• Easy to setup and modify.
• Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the
nodes can work smoothly.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

• Cost of installation is high.
• Expensive to use.
• If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because
all the nodes depend on the hub.
• Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its
capacity.
 TREE Topology
• It has a root node and all other nodes are
connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also
called hierarchical topology. It should, at
least, have three levels to the hierarchy.

Features of Tree Topology

• Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
• Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages of Tree Topology

• Extension of bus and star topologies.
• Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
• Easily managed and maintained.
• Error detection is easily done.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

• Heavily cabled.
• Costly.
• If more nodes are added maintenance is
difficult.
• Central hub fails, network fails.
 RING Topology
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring Advantages of Ring Topology
as each computer is connected to another 1.Transmitting network is not affected by high
computer, with the last one connected to the traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes
first. Exactly two neighbours for each having tokens can transmit data.
device. 2.Cheap to install and expand
• Features of Ring Topology Disadvantages of Ring Topology
• A number of repeaters are used for Ring 1.Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
topology with large number of nodes, 2.Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the
because if someone wants to send some network activity.
data to the last node in the ring topology 3.Failure of one computer disturbs the whole
with 100 nodes, then the data will have to network.
pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th
node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters
are used in the network.
• The transmission is unidirectional, but it
can be made bidirectional by having 2
connections between each Network Node, it
is called Dual Ring Topology.
• In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks
are formed, and data flow is in opposite
direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the
second ring can act as a backup, to keep the
network up.
 HYBRID Topology
• HYBRID Topology
• It is two different types of topologies
which is a mixture of two or more
topologies. For example if in an office in
one department ring topology is used
and in another star topology is used,
connecting these topologies will result in
Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star
topology).
Features of Hybrid Topology
• It is a combination of two or topologies
• Inherits the advantages and
disadvantages of the topologies included
Advantages of Hybrid Topology
• Reliable as Error detecting and trouble
shooting is easy.
• Effective.
• Scalable as size can be increased easily.
• Flexible.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
• Complex in design.
• Costly.
 MESH Topology
• MESH Topology
• It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or
devices. All the network nodes are connected to
each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels
to link n devices. There are two techniques to
transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :
• Routing , Flooding
Features of Mesh Topology
• Fully connected.
• Robust.
• Not flexible.
Advantages of Mesh Topology
• Each connection can carry its own data load.
• It is robust.
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• Provides security and privacy.
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
• Installation and configuration is difficult.
• Cabling cost is more.
• Bulk wiring is required.
THANKS