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IEEE754 Floating Point Standard Presentation Detailed

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Priyanshu Sengupta
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28 views

IEEE754 Floating Point Standard Presentation Detailed

Uploaded by

Priyanshu Sengupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Understanding IEEE 754 Floating Point Standard

AN OVERVIEW OF FLOATING-POINT REPRESENTATION


PRESENTED BY: PRIYANSHU SENGUPTA
DATE: 1-8-24
Introduction

 Floating-point numbers are a way to represent


real numbers in computers.
 They allow for a wide range of values and are
essential in scientific, engineering, and general
computing applications.
 IEEE 754 is the most widely used standard for
floating-point computation, providing consistent
behavior across different systems.
IEEE 754 Standard

 The IEEE 754 standard defines formats for


representing floating-point numbers and rules for
arithmetic operations.
 It was established to standardize floating-point
computation, ensuring compatibility and reliability
in different hardware and software.
 The standard specifies single, double, and
extended precision formats, each with specific bit
allocations for the sign, exponent, and mantissa.
Components of IEEE 754

 Sign Bit: Indicates whether the number is positive


(0) or negative (1).
 Exponent: Determines the scale or range of the
number, using a biased representation.
 Mantissa (Fraction): Holds the significant digits of
the number, normalized to improve precision.
Formats in IEEE 754

 Single Precision (32-bit): Commonly used in


applications where memory efficiency is
important.
 Double Precision (64-bit): Offers higher precision
and is widely used in scientific and engineering
computations.
 Extended Precision: Provides even greater
precision for special applications, often used in
internal calculations within CPUs.
Detailed Breakdown: Single Precision

 Bit Allocation: 1 Sign bit, 8 Exponent bits, 23


Mantissa bits.
 Bias: The exponent is biased by 127, allowing for
both positive and negative exponents.
 Range: Approximately ±1.2e-38 to ±3.4e+38,
with 6-9 significant decimal digits of precision.
Detailed Breakdown: Double Precision

 Bit Allocation: 1 Sign bit, 11 Exponent bits, 52


Mantissa bits.
 Bias: The exponent is biased by 1023, enabling a
wider range of values.
 Range: Approximately ±2.2e-308 to ±1.8e+308,
with 15-17 significant decimal digits of precision.
Special Numbers in IEEE 754

 Zero: Both positive and negative zero are


represented and considered distinct, affecting
certain calculations.
 Infinity: Represents numbers too large to be
represented normally, with separate
representations for positive and negative infinity.
 NaN (Not a Number): Indicates undefined or
unrepresentable values, such as the result of 0/0
or sqrt(-1).
Rounding Modes

 Round to Nearest (Even): The most common


mode, rounding to the nearest representable
value, with ties going to the nearest even digit.
 Round Toward Zero: Discards the fractional part,
rounding towards zero.
 Round Toward Positive Infinity: Always rounds up.
 Round Toward Negative Infinity: Always rounds
down.
Common Issues and Challenges

 Precision Errors: Floating-point numbers cannot


exactly represent all real numbers, leading to
rounding errors.
 Representation Limits: The finite precision can
cause underflow or overflow, leading to zero or
infinity, respectively.
 Special Values: Handling NaN, infinity, and zero
can introduce complexities in computations and
require special care in algorithms.
Example Problems

 Example 1: Converting a Decimal Number to IEEE


754 Single Precision
 Example 2: Converting IEEE 754 Single Precision
to Decimal
 These examples illustrate the process of
encoding and decoding floating-point numbers
using the IEEE 754 standard.
Example Problem 1

 Problem: Convert the decimal number -5.75 to IEEE 754


single precision format.

 Solution:
 1. Sign Bit: 1 (negative number)
 2. Convert to Binary: 5.75 = 101.11 in binary
 3. Normalize: 1.0111 × 2^2
 4. Exponent: 2 + 127 (bias) = 129 (10000001 in binary)
 5. Mantissa: 01110000000000000000000
 6. IEEE 754 Format:
11000000101110000000000000000000
Example Problem 2

 Problem: Convert the IEEE 754 single precision number


01000001001100000000000000000000 to decimal.

 Solution:
 1. Sign Bit: 0 (positive number)
 2. Extract Exponent: 10000010 in binary = 130 in
decimal
 3. Bias Subtraction: 130 - 127 = 3
 4. Extract Mantissa: 1.011 (implicit leading 1)
 5. Convert to Decimal: 1.375 × 2^3 = 11
 6. Result: 11.0
Conclusion

 The IEEE 754 standard is crucial for accurate and


consistent representation of real numbers in
computing.
 Understanding its components, formats, and
challenges helps in developing reliable software
and algorithms.
 Awareness of precision limitations and special
values like NaN and infinity is important in
avoiding and managing computational errors.
Bibliography and References

 "IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE


754-2019)", IEEE.
 "Floating-Point Arithmetic", David Goldberg, ACM
Computing Surveys, 1991.
 Various online resources and textbooks on
numerical computing and computer architecture.

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