Fluid Mechanics

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What do you see?

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Outline
• Pressure
Gage pressure and Absolute pressure
Pascal’s principle
• Archimedes’ principle and buoyant force
• Ideal Fluid
• Flow Rate
Equation of Continuity
• Bernoulli’s equation

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Fluid Mechanics
Stationary Fluid Moving Fluid

• Pressure • Ideal fluid

• Pascal’s • Flow rate and
principle, Bernoulli’s
buoyant force equation
and viscous force 4
Density
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 or
d 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
or

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Pressure
• When we apply force on area, we obtain
pressure. 𝐹
Pressur 𝑝=
𝐴 Unit: or (pascal)
e =

Figure (a) Force is Figure (b) Force is

acted on large acted on small
contact area contact area 6
 Pressure from weight of
fluid
• Consider a column of fluid (such
as water) with density , height
and cross section area
• Weight of fluid acts on the
bottom of the container resulting 𝑚𝑔
in pressure.
Pressure at the
bottom 𝑚𝑔
𝑝=
𝐴
( 𝜌 𝐴h ) 𝑔
𝑝=
𝐴
𝑝=𝜌 𝑔 h
This pressure is a result of the weight of fluid.
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Pressure: Absolute
pressure and gauge
pressure
• At the depth under the surface
of water, we find a pressure of
due to the weight of water
above that point.
• At the surface of water, we find
atmospheric pressure of .
• The total pressure at the depth
under the surface of water is
𝑝=𝑝𝑎 + 𝜌 𝑔h
This is absolute pressure.
• The difference of absolute pressure and
atmospheric is gauge pressure. For this
picture, the gauge pressure is . 8
Example

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Acting force on the dam
 A dam with width contains water depth .
Given the density of water . Find the
acting force on the dam.
Pressure at water surface (gauge pre
Pressure at bottom
0 + 𝜌 𝑔𝐷 𝜌 𝑔𝐷
Average 𝑝
pressure
av = =
2 2
𝐹 =𝑝 av 𝐴
Force
𝜌 𝑔𝐷
¿ (𝑊𝐷 )
2
2
𝜌 𝑔𝑊 𝐷
¿
2 11
 Pascal’s principle
Upward force
Adding
pressure
at smallDownward force
piston Resultin
g in
pressure
at large
piston

• Pascal’s principle “Addition of pressure at

one point is transmitted to every
point.”
𝑓 𝐹
• Thus, addition of pressure
= at small piston is
𝑎 𝐴
transmitted to large piston. 12
Example

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Archimedes’ principle:
Buoyant force
Buoya
nt ¿
force
Buoya ¿ 𝑚 dis 𝑔
nt
force ¿ 𝜌 ℓ 𝑉 dis 𝑔
𝐹 𝐵 =𝜌 ℓ 𝑉 dis 𝑔

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Archimedes’ principle:
Demonstration

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Direction of Buoyant force

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Iceberg
 Given the density of ice and density of
sea water . Calculate the fraction (%) of
volume of undersea iceberg.
Buoyant force Equilibrium of force
𝜌 water 𝑉 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑔=𝑚ice 𝑔
𝜌 water 𝑉 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑔=𝜌 ice 𝑉 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔
𝑉 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝜌 ice
=
𝑉 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜌 water
3
0.92 × 10
¿ 3
1.03 × 10

weight or 18
Ideal Fluid
Four assumptions
• Incompressible  Density of fluid is
constant.
• Nonviscous  No viscous force in fluid.
• Irrotational  No rotation of fluid
element.
• Steady  Flow of fluid does not change
with time. Streamlines depict the
pattern of flow. At a
specific point on
streamline, the tangent
of line is the direction
of flow velocity. The 19
Flow Rate
• Flow rate is the rate of
volume that flow pass a
sectional area per unit
time.
• Example: The water flow
for ¿ we obtain
1 minute,
Flow
the volume of 1.5
Rate −3
liter.
3
1.5 × 10 m
¿
60 s

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Flow rate in a pipe

• Consider a pipe with cross section area and the

fluid is moving at velocity .
• The fluid moves from point A to point B for a

Flow rate
distance of in time resulting in a volume of
𝐴∆𝑥
Flow ¿ ¿
∆ 𝑡 ¿ 𝐴𝑣
rate
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 Continuity equation
• We can find the flow rate
from
• Inlet flow rate and outlet
flow rate
• The density of fluid is
constant and inlet mass
equals outlet mass
(conservation of mass).
¿
𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐴1 𝑣 1 = 𝐴2 𝑣 2

“continuity equation”
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Why do we squeeze
rubber hose?
• continuity equation
𝐴1 𝑣 1 = 𝐴 2 𝑣 2 or constant

• When decreases
velocity of fluid will
increase
• When increases
velocity of fluid will
decrease

So, we make the more

velocity and a far target.
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 Work and Energy per unit
volume
• In moving a fluid for a distance
of in a pipe, we apply a force
and we obtain work
• The volume of moving fluid is
• Thus, the work per unit volume
𝑊 𝐹 ∆𝑥 𝐹
= = =𝑝
𝑉 𝐴∆𝑥 𝐴

Potential energy per unit vol

netic energy per unit volume

h
reference level
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 Bernoulli’s principle
• Consider the fluid at
level of travels to and
the change of velocity
from to be
• Work (per volume)
equals to difference of
total energy1 (per2
(2 ) (2
1
𝑝 1 − 𝑝 2= 𝜌 𝑣 2 + 𝜌 𝑔 h 2 − 𝜌 𝑣 21 + 𝜌 𝑔 h1
volume)
)
ExternalEnergy
work at position
Energy2 at position 1
1 1
𝑝 1 + 𝜌 𝑣 21 + 𝜌 𝑔 h1 =𝑝 2+ 𝜌 𝑣 22+ 𝜌 𝑔 h2
• We obtain
2 2

Or “Bernoulli’s
constant equation”
A hole at a side of the
container
• We need to find velocity
of water from the hole at
the side of the container.
1
• 𝑝Bernoulli’s2 equation 1
2 + 𝜌 𝑣 2 + 𝜌 𝑔 h 2 =𝑝 1 + 𝜌 𝑣 21 + 𝜌 𝑔 h1
2 2
• The surface of water at
points 1 and 2 contact the
air, thus . Assume small hole,
• Surface at point 1 is very velocity of water
larger 1than2 the cross depend on the
section2 𝜌area
𝑣 + 𝜌of
𝑔 hthe 𝑔 h1
2=𝜌 hole, height from the hole
thus and we 𝑣can 2
= 2assume
𝑔 ( h 1 − h2 ) to the surface.
𝑣 =√ 2 𝑔∆ h 26
Fire hose
 A fire hose from a fire truck transmit
water at flow rate liter per minute. The
radius of fire hose is at inlet side and
radius at outlet side to put out the fire.
a) Calculate the velocity at the inlet
side and velocity at the outlet side.
If we would like the transmit the water to
the height of
b) Calculate the pressure would the
pump at the fire truck applied.

Given the atmospheric pressure is .

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 L/min

radius radius

3 −3
1.0 ×10 ×10 −2 3 −1
a) Flow rate𝑄= =1.7 × 10 m s
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We find the velocity from
−2
𝑄 1.7 × 10 −1
𝑣 1= 2
= 2
= 1.5 ms
𝜋𝑟1 𝜋 (0. 06)
−2
𝑄 1.7 × 10 −1
𝑣 2= 2
= 2
= 2.7 ms
𝜋 𝑟 2 𝜋 ( 0. 045)
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 b) Bernoulli’s principle
1 1
𝑝1 + 𝜌 𝑣 21 + 𝜌 𝑔 h1 =𝑝 2+ 𝜌 𝑣 22+ 𝜌 𝑔 h2
2 2
1 1
𝑝 1 + 𝜌 𝑣 21=𝑝 2 + 𝜌 𝑣 22 + 𝜌 𝑔 h 2
2 2
1
𝑝 1=𝑝 2 + 𝜌 ( 𝑣 22 − 𝑣 21 ) + 𝜌 𝑔 h2
2

Thus, we obtain
1
𝑝 1=1 . 03 ×10 + (1000) ( ( 2 . 7 ) − ( 1 .5 ) ) +(1000)(10)(10)
5 2 2
2

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Pressure difference: from
difference of velocities
• Consider Bernoulli’s equation
for a flow in a pipe at the
same level. (Compare point
1 and point 2 in the picture.)
1 2 1 2
𝑝 1 + 𝜌 𝑣 1=𝑝 2 + 𝜌 𝑣 2
2 2
High  Low
Low  High
• Rearrange the
equation 1 2 1
𝑝 −𝑝 = 𝜌𝑣 − 𝜌𝑣
2
1 2 2 1
2 2

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Pressure difference:
Moving vehicles

air flow in the narrow chanel Net Pressure

High velocity  Low pressure

High Low
velocity velocity
air air
Low High
pressure pressure
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Pressure difference:
Lifting force of airplane
wings

• Use Bernoulli’s principle

for a design of airfoil that
create lift force.
• High velocity above the
wing (Low pressure) Low
velocity under the wing
(High pressure)
• Difference in pressure 32
Lifting force from airplane
wing
 A small plane of mass is designed that
the velocity of air above the wing is 1.1
time of that of under the wing. For one side
of wing, the area is . Given the density of
1
air is . Calculate𝑝 2the 1
+ 𝜌velocity
𝑣 22=𝑝 1 + 𝜌that
𝑣 21 makes
2 2
the plane fly. 1 2 1 2
𝑝 2 − 𝑝 1= 𝜌 𝑣1− 𝜌 𝑣2
2 2
1
∆ 𝑝= 𝜌 {( 1.1 𝑣 ) − 𝑣 2 }
2


2
𝑚𝑔 1
= 𝜌 ( 1.1 −1 ) 𝑣
2 2
2𝐴 2
2 2 𝑚𝑔
𝑣 = 
 𝜌 ( 2 𝐴 ) ( 1.12 −1 )
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Example

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mple
mple model of a flying plane
ider the following python code

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

rho = 1.0
m = 500
g = 9.8
A = 15
vx_ratio = 1.1
dt = 0.1
ax_const = 20
t = np.arange(0,50,dt)
data_lenght = len(t)
ax_time_Limit = 5
ay_time_limit1 = 6
ay_time_limit2 = 10.75

ax = np.zeros(data_lenght)
for i in range(data_lenght):
if(t[i]<=ax_time_Limit):
ax[i] = ax_const
else:
ax[i] = 0

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x0 = 0
vx0 = 0
x = np.zeros(data_lenght)
vx = np.zeros(data_lenght)
x[0] = x[0]
vx[0] = vx[0]

for i in range(1,data_lenght):
vx[i] = vx[i-1] + ax[i-1]*dt
x[i] = x[i-1] + vx[i-1]*dt

vx_up = vx_ratio*vx

Delta_p = 0.5*rho*(vx_up**2 -vx**2)

Lift_Force = A*Delta_p
total_Force_y_NN = Lift_Force - m*g
total_Force_y = np.zeros(data_lenght)
#add normal force from ground
for i in range(data_lenght):
if(t[i]<=ay_time_limit1):
if(total_Force_y_NN[i]<0):
total_Force_y[i] = 0
else:
total_Force_y[i] = total_Force_y_NN[i]
if((t[i]>ay_time_limit1) & (t[i]<=ay_time_limit2)):
total_Force_y[i] = -m*g #We need to deaccelerate motion along y direction
if(t[i]>ay_time_limit2):
total_Force_y[i] = 0 #Equilibium in y direction
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ay = total_Force_y/m
vy = np.zeros(data_lenght)
y = np.zeros(data_lenght)
y0 = 0
vy0 = 0
for i in range(1,data_lenght):
vy[i] = vy[i-1] + ay[i-1]*dt
y[i] = y[i-1] + vy[i]

plt.subplot(3,3,1)
plt.plot(t,vx)
plt.title('velocity x',color='g')
plt.subplot(3,3,2)
plt.plot(t,x)
plt.title('x position',color='b')
plt.subplot(3,3,3)
plt.plot(t,total_Force_y_NN)
plt.title('L - mg (no correction)',color ='r')
plt.subplot(3,3,4)
plt.plot(t,total_Force_y)
plt.title('total Force y',color ='r')
plt.subplot(3,3,5)
plt.plot(t,vy)
plt.title('velocity y',color='g')
plt.subplot(3,3,6)
plt.plot(t,y)
plt.title('y position',color='b')
plt.subplot(3,3,7)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.title('Path of the plane',color='r')
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Output

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ent

ur own parameters and remodel the simple plane model.

an animation of the moving plane.

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